August Wilsons Fences Essays - Fences, The Pittsburgh Cycle, Tragedy

August Wilsons Fences It is anything but difficult to present the defense that August Wilson's play Fences is a catastrophe and that Troy Maxson is its terrible hero. Scarcely any comedies end with a memorial service, and there is no denying that Troy's character and life are the stuff of disaster. Be that as it may, Wilson's vision is a lot bigger than Troy's gallant side, his deeds and exclusions. Troy, for every one of his qualities, is imperfect mankind needing elegance and absolution. Such elegance and pardoning are the soul of genuine satire, and a case can be made for review Fences as a parody or, maybe, a metacomedy. The term is taken from Christopher Isherwood, who took it from Gerald Heard: I figure the full repulsiveness of life must be portrayed, however at long last there ought to be a parody which is past both satire and catastrophe. The thing Gerald Heard calls 'metacomedy' [...] (421). Metacomedy, at that point, is a dream that rises above the quickly funny or sad. It isn't equivocal and it has space for torment, for sorrow, for estrangement, in any event, for death, since it confirms the estimations of leniency, pardoning, and penance, which difficulty calls forward. For a strict individual, metacomedy is the thing that Christopher Fry called a close shave into confidence and a faith in a general reason for please (17). Fry's similitude forever is a book of rotating pages of catastrophe and parody. As we read (that is, live) the book, we are restless about what the last page will be. The comic vision holds that on the last page all will be settled in chuckling (17). The embodiment, thusly, of metacomedy is expectation, and Fences is an exercise in trust. First there is promise for a superior future for African Americans and by expansion, for all mankind. In the event that we see Troy's natural life as a self-ruling entire, we are taking a gander at an at last lamentable book of life. Be that as it may, in the event that we see Troy's life as a page in a continuous adventure, maybe we can see it not just as a preface to a more joyful time yet as an example of overcoming adversity of itself. George Meredith encourages us that to adore satire we should realize people all around ok not to expect a lot of them however you may even now seek after great (325). What should a pragmatist expect of Troy Maxson, who was surrendered by his mom at age eight, fled a merciless, vulgar dad at age fourteen, started to take professionally, and served fifteen years on a homicide accusation? One can dare to dream for some proportion of good, and Troy surpasses a pragmatist's desires. He holds a consistent however repulsive activity as a trash specialist, bolsters a spouse and child, remains calm six days per week, wins his own private social liberties fight to turn into a driver, and stays dedicated to Rose for a long time before he falls. Additionally, August Wilson presents us with a multigenerational vision in which our feeling of waste is more than adjusted by an imbuement of expectation. Wall is about the consistently flawed journey for genuine masculinity. Troy's dad was to a lesser extent a genuine man than Troy, yet he was a specialist and a supplier. Troy, even as a runaway, conveyed with him his dad's ideals alongside a significant reducing of the dad's cruelty and indiscrimination. Shockingly he can value his dad's inheritance and excuse his insidious side: But I'll state this for him [...] he felt an obligation toward us. [...] he could have strolled off and left us [...] made his own specific manner (716). It is Troy's ability for appreciation and pardoning that his child Cory must disguise on the morning of Troy's burial service. Following a seven-year nonappearance, the youngster has returned in his marine uniform, gladly wearing his corporal's stripes. There is a quality of development about him yet additionally a waiting sharpness - he won't go to his dad's memorial service. Troy's mom, Rose, expresses the profound truth that Cory wouldn't like to confront. Rose. You simply like him. You got him in you great. Cory. Try not to reveal to me that, Mama. Rose. You Troy Maxson once more. Cory. I would prefer not to be Troy Maxson. I need to be me. Rose. You can't be no one

Oedipus, Antogone, And Media :: essays research papers

Investigative ACCOUNT OF A RUNNING THEME      â€Å"All the individuals who were intended to pass on have kicked the bucket: the individuals who trusted a certain something, the individuals who accepted the opposite thing, and even the individuals who thought nothing by any means, yet were up to speed in the web without knowing why.† This specific statement by Jean Anouilh, creator of Antigone, helped me pick destiny, one of the all the more intriguing underlining subjects in every one of the three plays: Oedipus the King, Antigone, and Medea, as the theme for my paper. Regardless of how hard the heroes or foes in each play attempted to change the destiny of the heroes, they fizzled and destiny assumed control over the chain of occasions. At the point when people attempt to change what is outside their ability to control, they regularly fall flat and exacerbate the issues even than before as communicated by the creators of the three plays.      When Oedipus was destined to Laius and Jocasta, their satisfaction was hindered by an awful prescience: Oedipus will execute Laius and wed Jocasta when he grows up. The temperament in Thebes changed from upbeat to grave for the lord decided to have his own child slaughtered with the goal that he could stay alive. Considering the circumstance from Laius’ perspective, it isn't hard to comprehend his activities yet the negligible truth that he attempted to challenge destiny makes his activities appear to be amusing and skeptical. By tinkering with destiny, Laius caused the demise of Jocasta, and Oedipus’ visual impairment and expulsion notwithstanding the occasions brought about by destiny. In Antigone, Anouilh depicted Creon likewise as Sophocles depicted Laius. The two of them contributed more harm than advantage to the heroes and their families with their â€Å"noble intentions.†      When Antigone disregarded the law made by Creon and attempted to cover the body of her sibling, Creon ought to have requested her to be executed immediately. Since he attempted to convince Antigone to disregard the body of her sibling and wed his child, which was against her destiny, his arrangement didn't work out. One may think Antigone, being of honorable blood and getting an opportunity to wed a ruler, was crazy to imperil her life while agonizing over a dead body however Antigone’s destiny was to pass on battling for regard of her family. By postponing her passing, Creon accidentally caused the demise of his better half and child. Jason attempted to meddle with Medea’s destiny and lost his life just as the life of his friends and family.

Psychological Evaluations for Troubled Teens

Psychological Evaluations for Troubled Teens Psychotherapy Print How a Psychological Evaluation May Help Your Troubled Teen By Kathryn Rudlin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 04, 2019 Leanne Temme / Photolibrary / Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Having your troubled teen get a psychological evaluation may be an important step in getting the right help for your teen. What Is a Psychological Evaluation? A psychological evaluation is a thorough process of assessment and screening administered by an adolescent psychologist. The methods used for the evaluation will depend on your teens needs. It may consist of a series of formal or structured psychological or neuropsychological tests as well as clinical interviews designed to identify and describe the emotional, behavioral or learning problems that may be contributing to the problems your teen is having. The process takes several hours and is completed during several different sessions. The role of the psychologist doing the evaluation is similar to a detective looking for clues to solve a mystery. The more clues that can be identified, the more information youll have to understand whats going on with your teen and decide what options are best suited to help them. A psychological evaluation should be considered in cases where there is uncertainty about the reasons your teen is having problems with mood, behavior, or learning. What Information Can a Psychological Evaluation Provide? A psychological evaluation can provide useful information about your teen to include: the severity of symptoms of depression or anxietythe presence of a learning disabilityacademic strengths and weaknessesroot causes of emotional problemspositive and negative coping stylesreasons for aggressive behaviorinformation about how your teen views the worldissues or conflicts your teen is struggling withinsight into your teens personality style Weigh the Pros and Cons of Getting Your Teen Evaluated The upside of a psychological evaluation is the valuable information it can provide. The downside is the time and expense involved. Sometimes the best way to get this testing completed is through the school district or as part of the initial assessment process when a teen is placed in a residential treatment program. The number of tests needed varies so it may be worthwhile to have an initial consultation with an adolescent psychologist to find out what tests are recommended and the overall cost and time involved. The psychological evaluation may be an important step in helping get a better handle on the problems your teen is having. It may be helpful in providing detailed information to provide direction in deciding what steps to take in getting the professional help your teen needs.

Mass Education On Hiv / Aids - 1073 Words

Project I: Mass education on HIV/AIDS to reduce stigma a. Who is the in-country implementing partner? The Global Fund will partner the Red Cross Society of China (RCSC), a humanitarian social relief organization. The organization’s mission is to protect the health and lives of the people by launching its Nationwide HIV Programme. Within RSCS, it organizes a wide array of programs, ranging from disaster prepared to First Aid training. HIV/AIDS prevention and care is among one of the programs that target areas of China with high HIV prevalence. (RCSC, 2008) b. What activities, services, and/or interventions the project would involve? The program’s purpose is â€Å"to reduce vulnerability to HIV and its impact in China through preventing further HIV infection; expanding care and support; reducing stigma and discrimination; and strengthening RCSC capacities to deliver and sustain scaled-up HIV programmes† (IFRC, 2007). The project will launch a national education campaign to reduce stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS. In consequence, the initiative would involve teachers in schools and health service workers to disseminate accurate information, media marketers to communicate to the masses, and public cooperation. c. The target population and proposed level of implementation? Educating the public will reduce discrimination towards individuals with the disease. As a result, the project’s proposed level of implementation, such as media campaigns, will be on a national level. d. Role of healthShow MoreRelatedA Health Profile Of The Country Of Malawi Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagesstate of the overall health of the country based on specific health issues. Malawi has a population of 15,263,000. The average lifespan for males is 44 years and the average lifespan for females is 51 years. The leading causes of death in Malawi are HIV/AIDS, Lower Respiratory Infections, Malaria, Diarrheal Disease, and Perinatal Conditions. Infant mortality has a rate of 58 deaths for every 1,000 live births (Bowie, 2006). The Malawi Government has been consistently looking for ways to improve the publicRead MoreLow Life Expectancy in Developing Country of Nigeria666 Words   |  3 Pagesdiseases such as HIV/AIDS. This essay will look at the main causes of these problems and give possible solutions, taking Nigeria as a case study, where life expectancy is 52 years with a rank of 182 out of 194 nations (WORLD HEALTH REPORT 2000). It will conclude by arguing that media and government need to take a more active approach to tackle these problems in developing countries. Nigeria has over 160 million people and one of the major problems effecting life expectancy is the HIV virus and acquiredRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Hiv / Aids885 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough the first wave of HIV infections occurred in 1988 amongst injecting drug users, it was during 1989 – 1990 that prompted the â€Å"awakening of HIV/AIDS.† The National Advisory Committee on AIDS developed a surveillance of sentinel groups, which included sex workers, male patients with sexually transmitted infections, and blood donors. This surveillance revealed the HIV virus being transmitted rapidly through sex. From 1989-1990, the prevalence of direct sex workers infected with the virus tripledRead MoreHiv/Aids in Africa Essay842 Words   |  4 PagesSub-Saharan Africa is the region of the world that is most affected by HIV/AIDS. The United Nations reports that an estimated 25.4 million people are living with HIV and that approximately 3.1 million new infections occurred in 200 4. To put these figures in context, more than 60 percent of the people living with the infection reside in Africa. Even these staggering figures do not quite capture the true extent and impact that this disease causes on the continent. In 1998, about 200,000 Africans diedRead MoreHiv And The United States Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to recent statistics from the Centers for Disease Control, approximately 1.2 million individuals in the United States have HIV (about 14 percent of which are unaware of their infection and another 1.1 million have progressed to AIDS. Over the past decade, the number of HIV cases in the US has increased, however, the annual number of cases remains stable at about 50, 000 new cases per year. Within these estimates, certain groups tend to carry the burden of these disease, particularly theRead MoreThe Disease Aids And The Us Public Health Department1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe Disease AIDS And The US Public Health Department The disease AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. The epidemic disease AIDS affected the US in 1981. The disease AIDS is defined according the world health Organization (WHO) ‘’ Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a term which applies to the most advanced stages of HIV infection†. An outbreak virus that struck women, men, and children from every single part of world. A known disease of gay men that causedRead MoreProblem And Extent Of Hiv / Aids1539 Words   |  7 PagesProblem and Extent of HIV/AIDS Impact in China From the narrative, Dazou merely represents one of the thousands of people who have contracted HIV through paid plasma plasma donation and unhygienic blood banks. The National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China reports 501,000 reported cases of people living with HIV/AIDS. Although the pervasiveness of HIV may be low compared to China’s 1.3 billion population, certain communities have HIV prevalence rates as highRead Moreecological model of health1211 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Applying the IOM’s (Institute of Medicine) Ecological Model of Health Abstract This paper discusses how IOM’s ecological model can be used to stop the AIDs pandemic which is a health issue globally. This is because the number of people infected with the disease has increased over the years, since the first case was reported. Statistics show that over 34 million people are infected globally. The disease has been declared a pandemic due to the effects it has caused globally. ThereforeRead MoreEssay On The Role Of HIV / AIDS Among Adolescents In SSA1336 Words   |  6 PagesBehavior change—the challenges for the youth. The rate of HIV/AIDS among adolescents in SSA is alarming since this cohort is growing quickly. With too many youngsters infected with the virus, this region is at risk of arduous trials that will slow down its economy and overall development. All the economic growth generated in the past decade is at risk of falling if AIDS is not addressed among the most vulnerable population: The country’s youth. Indeed, those who are 15 to 24 years old are the mostRead MoreProject Sustainability : An Effective Investment Of Funds For The Global Fund1399 Words   |  6 PagesAll three potential investments address different approaches in reducing and eliminating the impact of HIV/AIDS, and all require differing degrees of health worker involvement. The first project focuses on reducing stigma; the second concentrates on reducing mother-to-child transmissions; and the third initiative emphasizes giving aid to children infected with or affected by HIV/AIDS. The following section will attempt to compare and rank the initiatives through the consideration of these factors:

Cause and Effect Hamlet Essay - 902 Words

Cause and Effect Hamlet Essay William Shakespeare, arguably the greatest language in the English language and England’s national poet, has written numerous histories, tragedies, comedies and poems. Throughout his plays, his use of dramatic irony, immaculate word choice and wording, and his vast imagination has made him a successful playwright even in his time. Shakespeare’s scripts for his theatrical company, needed to pertain to the needs and fascinations of the Elizabethan audience. It is safe to assume that all his sonnets, poetic speeches, electrifying action and soliloquies in his play were created for the delicate and quickly appreciative of language Elizabethans of his time. A particular example out of the many soliloquies†¦show more content†¦However, at the end of Scene IV, Hamlet has a sudden change of heart. Fortinbras’ bravery and ruthlessness was the cause of Hamlet’s realization that he needed to overcome his procrastination and hesitation of the killing of Clau dius, which is ultimately the effect of it. As seen throughout the play, Norway’s Fortinbras is Hamlet’s foil, and successfully throws the protagonist into a sharper focus by the audience. Fortinbras as described by Hamlet, â€Å"Witness this army of such mass and charge led by a delicate and tender prince, whose spirit with divine ambition puff’d Makes mouths at the invisible event† (IV, iv, 50), have the willingness to go into an uncertain battle for little to no gain, whereas Hamlet encompasses a justifiable and reasonable revenge of his father’s death, but he did not had the power to do previously. The character of Fortinbras, as depicted by Shakespeare, did exactly what a foil was meant to. The change of Hamlet’s acceptance of murdering Claudius was made entirely possible by the observed wrathfulness of Fortinbras. In Shakespeare’s widely recognized play, Hamlet, he successfully gathers the audience’s attention by raising issues pertaining to them at the time and other thoughtful ideas, as per example in the soliloquy of Act IV, Scene IV. While the audience is captivated by Shakespeare’s poetic prowess, it is evident that his plays are enchanted with a deeper meaning than that which meets the eye. ItShow MoreRelatedHamlet Cause and Effect Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesCause and Effect Essay – Elizabethan Target Audience â€Å"Always mystify, torture, mislead, and surprise the audience as much as possible (Roff).† Hamlet is a dramatic production written by William Shakespeare. â€Å"The play, set in the Kingdom of Denmark, recounts how Prince Hamlet exacts revenge on his uncle Claudius for murdering the old King Hamlet, Claudiuss own brother and Prince Hamlets father, and then succeeding to the throne and marrying Gertrude, the King Hamlets widow and mother of PrinceRead MoreHamlet Cause and Effect Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet Cause and effect Essay Adam Laning For any play to be a successful the audience must be able to feel a connection with it, they must feel like they are not just an audience, but perhaps characters in the play itself. One way of making connections between the audience and the play is through speeches that target the audience. In the Play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, there are many examples of this technique of targeting the audience. One example that is very effect in doing this if foundRead MoreHamlet Cause And Effect Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagescan have an effect on this world, another individual or another s life. One’s actions tend to demonstrate the characteristics of which they possess thus, defining them as a person. However, these characteristics and actions not only affect the individual, but others around them as well. This creates a cause and effect system throughout their life, which impacts various relationships for that individual. In William Shakespeare s play Hamlet, Hamlet’s actions have a tremendous effect on both theRead MoreThe Life of William Shakespeare669 Words   |  3 Pagesaudience and often creating a debate. The causes and effects are responsible for the different points of view on Hamlet. Shakespeare may display multiple themes throughout each of his plays, which also led to a debate, themes including, love, hatred, power, incest, but above all is revenge. Revenge is a theme that has been unquestionably displayed in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet along with multiple other themes. Claudius had secretly sent orders for the death of Hamlet upon his arrival to England. In Claudius’Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare is one of the most famous English poet and play writers in the world.600 Words   |  3 Pagesan effect on his audience by creating thoughts and discussions about the social, cultural, and economic values and perspectives that were taking place throughout his time. Shakespeare’s famous play, Hamlet, was a duplication of the events occurring throughout the Elizabethan era. The main focus throughout this essay is a speech spoken by Hamlet himself in Act IV scene IV. This essay focuses on answering the question of the effect Hamlet had on the audience in the Elizabethan era. This essay willRead MoreComparison Of Ophelia And Hamlet By William Shakespeare1382 Words   |  6 Pagesand Hamlet, as they were very consistent throughout the story, and are an interesting but very easy display of societal norms at that time. After the fallout of my previous essay I tried to stay as far away from using resources to avoid anything else from happening. So almost all the ideas in this essay are mine. Articles I ended up using were from spark notes, shmoop, and the open media commons. I think I did a great job of spreading out major points in the play, and feel like this essay deservesRead MoreHamlet and the Impact on the Audience Essay1238 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet Essay Many of the plays written by Shakespeare in his time were performed to influence his audience and provoke thought and debate the social, cultural and economic events that were taking place at that time. Shakespeare’s Hamlet, in particular, was a reflection of the events happening during the Elizabethan era. In this essay, the focus is mainly on Act IV scene IV and the speech of Hamlet and the essay focuses on answering the question of the effect Hamlet had on the audienceRead MoreThe Significance of Death and Sex to William Shakespeare1482 Words   |  6 PagesThe Significance of Death and Sex to William Shakespeare In this essay, I will consider Death and Sin in Shakespearean drama and I would like to look at three of Shakespeares tragic plays: Hamlet, Othello and King Lear. Shakespeare uses many themes in all his play that attract audiences throughout history. The things he wrote about are as relevant now as they were in his time. Death and Sin were issues that are always around. In his plays, Shakespeare could comment on these things andRead More Hamlets Idealism Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesHamlets Idealism      Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet is many things: scholar, speaker, actor, and prince. His greatness shows in all of activities, save one: his inability to act. Hamlet is not able to avenge his fathers death without considerable delay. There is a flaw in Hamlets character that causes him to postpone the murder of Claudius - this flaw is Hamlets idealism. While idealism is normally a good trait, in this case, because of the unusual circumstances, Hamlets idealism causes great conflicts within himRead MoreEssay on Shakespeares Soliloquies - Hamlet’s Soliloquy1034 Words   |  5 Pagescharacters who may cause the character to withhold their true opinions. Therefore, Hamlets first soliloquy (act 1, scene 2) is essential to the play as it highlights his inner conflict caused by the events of the play. It reveals his true feelings and as such emphasizes the difference between his public appearance, his attitude towards Claudius in the previous scene is less confrontational than here where he is directly insulted as a satyr, and his feelings within himself. In this essay, I will outline

Mental Illnesses And Mental Health - 1165 Words

Introduction World Health Organization (WHO, 2014) defines Mental health as a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. Whereas Mental illnesses (MI) are characterized by alterations in thinking, mood or behavior associated with significant distress and impaired functioning (Health Canada, 2012). MI affects people of all ages, educational and income levels and cultures. Example of MI includes depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders and addictive behaviors. According to Center for addiction and Mental Health (CAMH, 2009) 2% of the total population in the world are affected by serious MI. Moreover, Public Health Agency Canada (PHAC, 2012) claims that 1 in 5 Canadians will experience a MI in their lifetime and remaining 4 will have a friend, family member or colleague who suffers from mental illness. I t is a well-known and accepted statistic 20% of people with mental disorders have a co-occurring substance use problem (PHAC,2012). According to the (Health Canada, 2002), MI are a major contributor to hospital costs; the cost supporting someone with serious MI to live in the community is $34,418 per year (all cost) and the cost of keeping someone with serious MI in the hospital is $170,820. Therefore, at present mental illnesses is an important challenge to public health in Canada.Show MoreRelatedMental Illnesses And Mental Health1941 Words   |  8 PagesMental illnesses lead to more disability than any other chronic illnesses and contribute significantly to the burden of diseases worldwide; moreover, the number of patients with mental illnesses and co-occurring physical illnesses are on the rise (SAMHSA, 2012; WHO, 2011). To meet this challenge, more psychiatric nurses with appropriate mental health training are needed, especially in the United States and China. Psychiatric-mental health nurses work with individuals and families to assess theirRead MoreMental Illnesses : A Mental Health Disorder1653 Words à ‚  |  7 PagesMental illnesses are brain diseases rooted in biology. Approximately one in every four adults has experienced a mental health disorder according to the Huffington Post. National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) statistic identified mood disorders as the third most common cause for hospitalization in the U.S. for youth and adults. Mental illness compared to other chronic diseases is far more complicated and subjective. This serious and objective health problem has become increasingly obvious recentlyRead MoreMental Health Treatment Of Mental Illnesses1195 Words   |  5 Pages20% of all children show at least minimal impairment from a mental health illness (Odar, C. o., Canter, K., Roberts, M. m. 2013). Around 31% of girls and 42% of boys between the ages of 9 and 16 years old meet the criteria of at least one mental health illness (Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., Angold, A. 2003). Some of these illnesses may include schizophrenia, bipolar d isease, depression, etc. These illnesses may require continuous care and treatment for many years andRead MoreAwareness For Mental Health Illnesses1526 Words   |  7 Pagesto raise awareness for mental health illnesses. I wanted to bring this sensitive, yet common, issue to light. The subject of mental illness is unfortunately a taboo in many cultures and those who suffer from the extreme cases are ignored or they do not receive the proper treatment. Our community unfortunately struggles with stigma related to mental illness and disclosure of such a sensitive topic. I wanted to get the students of AIS/ACP to understand that mental illnesses are very common in our communityRead MoreChildren With Mental Health Illnesses Essay975 Words   |  4 Pageswith mental health illnesses, as the process of having to explain how and why they satisfy the eligibility criteria, which, is mainly aimed at physical needs and not mental health needs to someone they do not know under assessment condi tions can be discouraging. Additionally, if a claimant is unsuccessful, appealing against the decision can be a disempowering process if the support required is not available. Situations of high stress are likely to have a negative influence on physical health and mentalRead MorePrevalence Of Mental Health Illnesses Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesPrevalence of Mental Health Illnesses in Inmates In this country, individuals with a mental health illness make up half of all correctional facility intakes, which is rivaled with eleven percent of the overall populace, however, only 1 in 9 incarcerated individuals are given any care for their mental illness (Anasseril, 2007). When the much-needed care is absent in prisons and jails, inmates with mental health disorders experience excruciating signs and their disorder can decline and be plaguedRead MoreMental Health Illnesses Have A Genetic Contribution1534 Words   |  7 Pagesshow that mental health illnesses have a genetic contribution. Mental health professionals have long known that certain mental illnesses can run in families, due to the fact that most, the chance of obtaining schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with no genetic factor is around one perfect, as to where if someone has a close relative with a certain disorder, such as a parent or sibling, the risk factor jumps to around ten percent. The genetic force behin d the abundance of mental illnesses is especiallyRead MoreThe Impact of Mental Illnesses and Health Problems from Work-Related Stress on Employees in Office Jobs2507 Words   |  10 PagesThe Impact of Mental Illnesses and Health Problems from Work-Related Stress on Employees in Office Jobs Introduction Year after year a behavioral change began to impact her life; she became irritable, fatigued and gained almost fifty pounds. She was no longer fun to be around and isolated herself away from everyone. Her kids would ask if she was okay and knew something was wrong. The work-related stress and harassment she received from her bosses triggered symptoms of depression. The job tookRead MoreMental Illness Of Mental Health Disorders1590 Words   |  7 Pagessomewhat reliable evidence has been gathered on mental illnesses and their prevalence. Before around the 1980’s though, the evidence that was gathered on mental illnesses was too inconsistent to be credible. In a survey conducted by the World Health Organization’s department of World Mental Health, data was gathered on the prevalence of mental health disorders in 14 countries around the world. The results of these surveys conclude that mental health disorders are more prevalent than any other chronicRead MoreThe Effect s Of Bipolar Disorder On Individuals, Families And Society1109 Words   |  5 PagesMental illness is a leading cause of disability in Canada. All Canadians are likely to be indirectly affected through a mental illness in a family, friend or colleague. Statistics showed that 1 in 5 Canadians experiences a mental health or addiction problem. (Mental Illness and Addictions: Facts and Statistics, n.d.). This report will be focusing on one of the more common mental illness — bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a serious medical condition that

Auditing and Assurance Business Research Opportunity

Question: Describe aout the Auditing and Assurance for Business Research Opportunity. Answer: Introduction This study deals with company named as Wesfarmers Limited listed in Australian Stock Exchange. In this particular assignment, emphasis has been given for understanding the audit engagement report for the year 2017. The present study gather information as well as preparation of report for meeting audit collaborates as well as audit managers. The first question explains the operational aspects of Wesfarmers Limited in areas like retail, liquor as well as home improvement and department stores. Then, Wesfarmers Limited faces some of the issues with auditing activities following related laws as well as regulations (Simnett, Carson and Vanstraelen 2016). It further gives information on understanding major and minor competitors of Wesfarmers Limited. Therefore, at the end, strength and weakness are explained for Wesfarmers Limited. 1. Wesfarmers Audit Engagement 2017 Part A Areas in which Wesfarmers conduct its operations Wesfarmers Limited is an Australian-listed company based in Australia. This particular organization conducts its business operations in areas such as supermarkets, hotels, home improvements, department stores as well as liquor and convenience stores. It is one of the largest private sector employing around 220000 staff members and shareholder base of 530000 on approximate basis (Redmayne 2013). The main objective of Wesfarmers Limited is providing satisfactory return to potential stakeholders. Part B Identification of laws and regulations Wesfarmers Limited is committed towards compiling with laws as well as regulations for countries operating its business in ethical way. This particular company is consistent with principles of honesty, fairness as well as respect and integrity (Moroney et al. 2014). Bribery as well as other related improper refers in the policy considers as criminal offenses for company and individuals at the same time. This is presented as inconsistent in aligning with Wesfarmers Values. There are various laws prohibiting with improper payments covering in the policy in applicable for all countries. Wesfarmers Limited who engages in trading activities operates these activities. Some of the Laws and Regulations are as follows: Australian Criminal Code US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act UK Bribery Act Competition and Consumer Act in Australia Anti-bribery policy The main purpose of this policy brings out the responsibilities of Wesfarmers Limited personnel in observing as well as upholding the prohibition on bribery and other related improper conduct (Junior, Best and Cotter 2014). On the contrary, Wesfarmers Limited provides information as well as guidance in recognizing and dealing with instances on areas such as bribery and corruption at the same time. This policy is applicable to Wesfarmers Limited for all Directors as well as employees. It is given in diversified nature for Wesfarmers Limited operating in and across Australia. Wesfarmers Limited adopts own anti-bribery policies in related with operational aspects in the most appropriate way. Wesfarmers Limited Personnel understands as well as complies with given policies. Wesfarmers Limited does not encourage accepting or requesting bribes, payment facilitation as well as money laundering and secret commission activities (Hay, Stewart and Botica Redmayne 2016). Wesfarmers Limited does not approve in requesting for irregular payment for winning for making business decisions in an effective way. Wesfarmers Limited complies with reporting as well as approval process in areas such as gifts as well as entertainment and hospitality. Wesfarmers Limited does not offer or receive any type of gift by relevant Anti-bribery Officer (Simnett, Carson and Vanstraelen 2016). Part C Primary Competitors in retail sector Wesfarmers Limited mainly starts its farmer cooperation in and around Western Australia few centuries ago. In the recent world, Wesfarmers Limited is the most diverse companies and largest retailers that aim at acquisition of food and liquid retailing activities under Coles Group. Wesfarmers Limited shows interest in far-ranging business involving general merchandise (Kmart and Target), Home improvement as Burnings as well as office products retailing. Wesfarmers Limited also engages its operations in coal mining, fertilizers production as well as gas processing and safety products (Hardidge et al. 2013). Wesfarmers Limited believes in providing agricultural merchandise as well as services for future analysis purpose Two Major Competitor of Wesfarmers Limited Woolworths Limited- Woolworths Limited is major competitor of Wesfarmers Limited as both operate its activities in retail sector (Simnett, Carson and Vanstraelen 2016). Both the companies are listed in Australian Stock Exchange. Woolworth Limited operates in Australia as well as New Zealand involving more than 1000 supermarkets. Addition to that, Woolworths Limited sells gasoline as well as leverages in form of distribution network. Therefore, Woolworths Limited provides wholesale merchandise especially for third-party supermarkets in the most appropriate way (Carson, Fargher and Zhang 2016). Metcash Limited- Metcash Limited is one of the wholesale grocery suppliers as well as liquor distribution in and around Australia. This particular business organization has distribution units serving more than 2500 grocery stores. This company operates as Australian Liquid Marketers supplying for more than 13000 liquid stores. Two Minor Competitor of Wesfarmers Limited Caltex Australia Limited- Caltex Australia Limited occupies the topmost position in oil refining as well as marketing company with around 30% share especially in retail fuel market (Simnett, Carson and Vanstraelen 2016). This particular business organization engages in refining as well as marketing of fuels and lubricants in and across the country with network of more than 2000 brand gas stations. Caltex Australia Limited owns as well as operates 11 coastal storage terminals as well as petroleum products and lubricant blending plants. In the year 2015, Chevron mainly sold its stake of 50% to Caltex Australia Limited (Botica?Redmayne 2013). Myer- Myer Limited is one of minor competitors of Wesfarmers Limited operating in retail sector. Myer Limited segments into price conscious group targeting to departmental stores. Myer Limited targets middle class as well as upper middle class individuals. Myer Limited positions its products in styles as well as quality in the most appropriate way. Myer Limited is an Australian chain for upscale of operations from high range of departmental stores (Moroney et al. 2014). Myer Limited has stores in the Australian States as well as Australian Capital Territory. Myer Limited offers large variety of brands at affordable prices for rendering consumers. Myer Limited has strong brand presence as well as reputation in and around Australia. 2. SWOT analysis for Wesfarmers Strengths Weakness Wesfarmers Limited established in the year 1914 depicting as powerful brands legacy Wesfarmers Limited emphasis majorly upon community development initiatives Wesfarmers Limited delivers convenience as well as customer services (Moroney et al. 2014) Wesfarmers Limited has major key importance in quality as well as performance Wesfarmers Limited has many stores as well as strong workforce of more than 200000 staff members (Moroney et al. 2014) Wesfarmers Limited aims at providing special offers as well as discounts for attracting customers as far as possible Wesfarmers Limited sales with the help of online formats Wesfarmers Limited renders variety of suits in price points. Wesfarmers Limited is a market leader in retail sector and this is the reason that this company remains under scrutiny for undertaking any critical decisions Wesfarmers Limited has low geographical presence. Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that Wesfarmers occupies the topmost position in the retail sector. This particular business organization follows core principles and code of conduct for meeting the objectives in the near future. It has strong brand presence in and across Australia. Laws and regulations are explained above with proper justification. Wesfarmers Limited obtains requires approvals especially for donations as well as sponsorship. In other words, Wesfarmers Limited maintains accurate records for dealing with third party. Wesfarmers Limited should be vigilant in reporting any breach of contract for any type of suspicious behavior in relation with policy. Reference List Botica?Redmayne, N., 2013. Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia: An Integrated Approach. Pacific Accounting Review. Carson, E., Fargher, N. and Zhang, Y., 2016. Trends in Auditor Reporting in Australia: A Synthesis and Opportunities for Research. Australian Accounting Review, 26(3), pp.226-242. Hardidge, D., Abeysekera, I., Chew, T.G., De Santi, R., Egan, T., Ghandar, A., Jakubicki, P., Lee, A., Luckins, J., Ridley, C. and Shying, M., 2013. A guide to understanding auditing and assurance: listed companies. Hay, D., Stewart, J. and Botica Redmayne, N., 2016. The Role of Auditing in Corporate Governance in Australia and New Zealand: A Research Synthesis. Available at SSRN 2838066. Junior, R.M., Best, P.J. and Cotter, J., 2014. Sustainability reporting and assurance: a historical analysis on a world-wide phenomenon. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(1), pp.1-11. Moroney, R., Campbell, F., Hamilton, J. and Warren, V., 2014. Auditing: A Practical Approach. Wiley Global Education. Redmayne, N.B., 2013. Auditing and Assurance Services and Ethics in Australia: An Integrated Approach. Journal of Accounting Organizational Change. Simnett, R., Carson, E. and Vanstraelen, A., 2016. International Archival Auditing and Assurance Research: Trends, Methodological Issues and Opportunities. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory.

Main Causes of Pollution in Urban and Rural Areas Essay Example

Main Causes of Pollution in Urban and Rural Areas Paper Over time, land pollution degrades the quality of not only the land in n area where waste is present, but also the quality of things growing in that land. Land pollution contaminates ground water, kills animal and plant species, causes disease and more. One of the major causes of land pollution is industrialization. Mechanized creation of goods sacrifices resource conservation in favor of speedy and inexpensive production. This results in a greater amount of industrial waste which must be disposed of. When it is not disposed of correctly it becomes surface waste and creates land pollution. Another cause of land pollution is chemical treatment of the land. Organic farming is the exception not the rule. Most farmers use harsh chemicals to fertilize their crops, eliminate weeds, kill of pests who pose a threat to the crop and more. The excess chemicals leave waste residue in the land and pollute it-Waste from human activity is, however, the most common cause of pollution. Waste causing pollution is caused by careless disposal of things that are thrown away including littering, and failure to recycle. Many teems go into a landfill which could be recycled and reused to both limit the amount of natural resources used to create synthetic products and reduce the amount of waste in land fills and private dumps creating land pollution. Land pollution is serious because it contributes to other forms of contamination including water and air pollution, as particles from the land pollution work into the water cycle. Limiting or eliminating land pollution improves every aspect of global conservation, and pollution management. This prevents potentially dangerous materials from negatively impacting the global quality of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Main Causes of Pollution in Urban and Rural Areas specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Main Causes of Pollution in Urban and Rural Areas specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Main Causes of Pollution in Urban and Rural Areas specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

veterinary shadow day essays

veterinary shadow day essays When I first arrived Lisa The girl that I shadowed told me that there was an emergency with one of the animals. It ended up that a one-year-old beagle ate an entire thing of metabolite, and then slowly started to die. The liver had shut down, and the heart rate was up to 300. Lisa told me that taking a thing of metabolite was like taking 50 cups of coffee at once. The owners of the beagle were there and bowling. The beagles name was Murry. Murry's body slowly was shutting down one thing after another. The owners made the decision the dog was going to be put to sleep. We got the dog ready to be taken out. They undid all the cords from the dog so they could take it to another room. I said goodbye to the dog, and then they took it into the other room so that the owners could be there when they put him to sleep. After that happened they then had to put a sleep a little hedgehog that had cancer on its mouth. We then did two regular checkups with one cat and with one dog. Tho se when great. After that we had a dog come in and it ended up having an affection that might end up killing it. I never heard the end result. The last thing that I did there was that a black lab had been bitten by another dog, and that dog ripped a hole in the neck of the black lab. The doctors had to perform surgery on the dog to close up the holes in the neck. They first had to clean it out with qutips. And blood stated to come out right then I was a little dizzy and I thought I was going to faint. But thank god I didnt. I saw a cat get dental work on it. And a cat get a bath and they had to blow dry it and brush the hair while it was a sleep. I thought that the work place environment was very clean and very professional. On my pictures on the poster it shows you that they even had a place for dogs to go in and a separate place for cats to go in they also have different waiting rooms for each of them. I could eas ...

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis - Case Study Example This increases the pressure on the information department compelling the creation of new ways of conducting business. Such factors provide a great challenge in the management of both the department and the organization thereby complicating Brown’s work. Additionally, Brown had shifted from the company for a number of years. By the time of his return, the company had changed and expanded thereby compelling the development of new mechanisms of conducting business. The change thus makes his management of the department more complex as he loses touch with both the clients and other employees at the organization. His attempts of creating a formal system within the department meet a great opposition from the rest of the organizational structure. Apparently, the organization lacked a formal structure and relied on its contact with the target market to carry out business. This is unlike the management process that Brown had in mind thereby resulting in a conflict of the management pro cesses thus causing a massive operational snarl up. Any form of conflict in the management especially between the organization and one of its key departments such as the information technology headed by Brown resulted in a great operational conflict that possibly slowed down the pace of service delivery. Question 2 The Michael Hammer’s Process and Enterprise Maturity Model is a management assessment mechanism that analyzes the level of organizational maturity through a number of management components. The Pinnacle West Corporation for example performs different in a number of these factors thereby placing it strategically in the development ladder. One of such factors is the organizational culture. A mature organization must have a recognized culture of conducting business. Organizational cultures determine the employee relations and the manner in which the organization conducts business. Additionally, the model assesses the success of any organization culture through the res ults it promises the organization. The PWC has an informal structure and relies on the people for contact. The culture had thus far steered the organization into success and its presence therefore proved the organization mature enough. The other integral factor in the model is leadership, the PWC was divide into department each led by a manager yet all working in unison to result in a cohesive organization. The presence of clearly labeled management structure and the effective flow of command in the organization depict great coordination in the management of the organization. Expertise is yet another factor in the model. The PWC employs established employees with the adequate experience and knowledge to steer the organization into success. Expertise refers to the ability of the employees to execute their mandate efficiently. The feature dictates that the employees must have adequate knowledge and experience to undertake their tasks. Finally, the other factor in the model is governan ce; the organization has an elaborate system of governance based on its management mechanism thereby portraying a great level of maturity. Question 3 The grass root strategy in management seeks to include the ideas of every employee in the management process. The strategy encourages operational dynamism as it solicits the ideas of every employee in project execution. This is a motivational strategy of management since

Strategic Change Management in Larnaca General Hospital Assignment

Strategic Change Management in Larnaca General Hospital - Assignment Example The hospital was established in the year 1984 (Larnaca General Hospital, 2012). The hospital has been built upon the land which belongs to the â€Å"Church Committee of the Monastery of St. George Kontos†. Church committee donated the land to hospital authority during early 1980’s. Ministry of Health provided a donation to hospital authority in order to build the healthcare unit. The hospital was opened on 24th April 1985 by Spyros Kyprianou (former president of Cyprus during that time). Funding Situation Various nonprofit organizations such as Anti-Cancer Society of Cyprus and Cyprus Association of Cancer Patients and Ministry of Health will provide a fund for breast health center of Larnaca general hospital. There will not be any other stakeholders except mentioned nonprofit organizations. Mission Statement In accordance with the Directorate of Nursing Services the hospital strives for improving nursing care continuously. According to the directorate, they need constr uctive cooperation as well as participation from nurses during difficult and complex healthcare situation in order to achieve the mission objective. Change Situation Breast Health Center Breast cancer has emerged as a pernicious disease for women in last fifteen years and statistics show that in the country of Cyprus number of women affected by breast cancer has been increased sharply in recent times. There are three major cancer prevention initiatives such as Anti-Cancer society, Cyprus Association of Cancer Patients and Friends are present in the country. In the district of Larnaca, there are no special centers for observing initial symptoms of breast cancer although it is a way to prevent the disease in early stages. It is very hard to find accurate and valid healthcare data of the Cypriot population due to strict government rules. A report published by CYSTAT or Statistical Service of Cyprus shows that a number of women dying due to breast cancer are relatively high in contrast to other diseases. The statistical report shows that more than 32% of women are suffering from breast cancers. The following diagram can be used in order to understand the severity of breast cancer in the country. (Source: Golna et al., 2004) The Larnaca General Hospital needs to establish breast health center in order to reduce stress and nervousness associated with preliminary stages of breast cancer. The study shows that 1109 Cypriot women were diagnosed with breast cancer during the time period of 1999-2005. The study also shows that nearly 400 cases of breast cancer are reported by women while 90% of cases get registered by hospital officials. Although cancer patients receive treatment from Bank of Cyprus Oncology Centre of Nicosia very few people in Larnaca district have the access to such facilities.

Basic Assumptions in Accounting

Basic Assumptions in Accounting Accounts are produced by all companies as a way of providing information to all third parties interested in the company’s performance. One of the primary aims of these accounts is to reduce the problems inherent in the agency relationship of the directors with the other interested stakeholders such as investors, employees and even government bodies. Due to the wide range of uses for accounts, it is little wonder that research into the way that these accounts are drafted and presented has had to lay down some fundamental assumptions in the way that accounts are written. However, in reality the assumptions that have underlined the analysis of accounts may, at times, be flawed, causing the overall analysis of these accounts to be at best incomplete and possibly even inaccurate (Hermanson, 2005)[1]. Assumption 1 – Accounts are Primarily for Shareholders This is a very common assumption and in many cases is not a damaging one. Even the law seems to support this assumption, with legislation requiring that annual accounts are produced and supplied to the shareholders (Companies Act 2006)[2]. This fuels the concept that the accounts are for the use of the shareholders, only. It is true, however, that accounts are largely for shareholders. The company belongs to the shareholders and is managed and run by the directors. This structure produces an agency problem with those running the business not being those individuals who ultimately benefit or suffer from its success or failure. Shareholders need the accounts in order to determine whether their investment is safe, whether they should be investing more, withdrawing their investment or asking certain questions of the board in relation to policies or activities. The accounts give valuable information to the shareholders in relation to the volume of sales, profitability, comparative analysis of key competitors and the overall value of the shares. Accounting standards have been developed with this key use in mind. It is necessary for all accounts to be audited by an independent auditor to determine that the accounts offer a true and fair value of the state of the financial position of the company. This is, of course, vital for the shareholders as they must trust the accounts being produced by the directors to be accurate, in order for them to make their investment decisions. Whilst all of these principles appear to be geared towards the shareholders, there are other users of the accounts that benefit equally from the standard set out in relation to published accounts. Other key users include the lenders. For many businesses, these stakeholders are absolutely vital and they will be largely interested in the same information as the shareholders, although will only really be concerned about whether the company has sufficient resource to pay back the loan that they have advanced to the company and that suitable security over assets exists (Watts, 2003)[3]. Employees are clearly interested in knowing the health and profitability of the company so that they can be comfortable with their own job security. However, this stakeholder group is often overlooked, despite its central role within the organisation. In addition, government agencies should not be overlooked, with agencies such as HM Revenue and Customs requiring information in order to collect the correct amount of corporation taxes (Brennan, 2000)[4]. Therefore, whilst shareholders may be the most visible group of stakeholders with an interest in the accounts, there are other stakeholders which also have an interest and should not be disregarded. Assumption 2 Accounting Measures a Concrete Reality which is Out There Prepared accounts are required to follow the basic principles such as relevance, understandability, consistency and comparability. Therefore, whilst accounts are prepared in line with the directors’ decisions and interpretations, there are certain underlying rules that must be followed to ensure that the accounts are as close to an unbiased, concrete reflection of the state of the business as is possible. In particular, this is important for the benefit of investor and shareholder comparisons. In order to make suitable judgements regarding investments and decisions about which company should be given support, the accounts of the two companies must be comparable. To be comparable the accounts must be as objective and factual as possible. However, just because it is desirable for the accounts to be a concrete reflection of what is ‘out there’ in the company does not mean that this is an assumption which can be drawn as being true. This need for consistency has been recognised by the International Accounting Standards Board which has developed, in so far as is possible, the financial reporting standards that companies need to follow in a bid to ensure that accounts are as close to being a concrete and comparable reflection as possible (Kroll, 2004)[5]. Take, for example, the way in which a company chooses to report its cash earned. The company could choose to operate on either a cash or on an accrual basis. Under the cash basis, the company would report income as soon as it actually arrives within the company, whereas the accrual basis shows the income earned at the time of the writing of the accounts, regardless of whether or not it has been already received. It is clear to see that the choice as to whether to follow a cash model or an accrual model will have a significant impact on the way in which the profit and loss appears in relation to the company. Other policies that are managed by international standards include issues such as the treatment of goodwill or depreciation, both areas that have traditionally allowed considerable director discretion. By having these basic accounting standards that companies must follow, there is certainly a move towards establishing concrete accounts. This, however, has not been fully achieved yet and, therefore, it is not fair to assume that all accounts are a completely concrete reflection of what is ‘out there’. Assumption 3 – Accounting Can be Neutral Clearly, it is desirable that financial accounts produced by companies are entirely neutral in the way that they are presented. Inaccuracy in accounts generally falls into two distinct categories, dishonesty or incompetence. Dishonesty has several different gradients and may be as simple as the desire by the management team to present a certain aspect of the business, whilst minimising the importance of other activities within the business. One of the main ways that a company could ensure that there is no element of dishonesty in the accounts is to have external auditors checking the accounts to ensure that they are a fair and accurate reflection of the company situation. Furthermore, with the financial reporting standards that have now been developed to ensure neutrality in the published accounts, companies are required to state definitively if they have deviated from the financial reporting standards, so that any move away from neutrality can be immediately and categorically identified. Therefore, whilst not all accounts will always be unbiased or neutral, identifying where neutrality has been deviated from, companies are now required to draw attention actively to this fact, thus increasing transparency. The use of external auditors in the preparation of the accounts is also a useful check and balance to ensure lack of misleading statements in the accounts (Cottingham, 1995)[6]. Despite all these measures, there remains the biased element of the accounts in the chairman’s statement. This is the opportunity for the board of directors to state their opinion and to detail the rationale of the company in terms of previous decisions and the direction which the company is taking in the longer term. This element of the report will naturally result in a non-neutral position (Goch, 1975)[7]. Company accounts are produced, as established earlier, for the benefit of many stakeholders, although primarily they are used by the shareholders and lenders to assist their investment decision. It is only natural, therefore, that companies will choose to forward their best possible position for the accounts. Whilst there are checks and balances in place in the form of financial reporting standards and the requirement of the independent auditor, it is fair to state the accounts are not entirely neutral, at all times. Assumption 4 Accountants are Professionals and Have the Ability to use Sound Judgement Accountants are used at all levels by companies of all sizes to manage the financial affairs of the company and ultimately to produce the accounts for external use, on an annual basis. All qualified accountants are required to be members of professional bodies such as Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales and have strict codes of professional ethics in relation to the way in which they conduct their role (Riahi-Belkaoui, 1992)[8]. Despite the need for these accountants to be controlled and to be managed in a way that they conduct their role, it is essential that they are given suitable freedom to exercise their own professional judgement. Increasing transparency requirements and the greater degree of prescription that is being placed on the accounting profession, in terms of financial reporting standards and requirement is changing the role of accountants in the preparation of accounts. Accounting standards have resulted in accountancy becoming much more of a science than an art form. There is a danger in this shift of emphasis. Accountants are professionals and their sound professional judgement is essential in ensuring that the most accurate company accounts are produced. However, this sound professional judgement is only useful if it is unbiased to the company itself, i.e. through an independent accountant or auditor (Thomas Keim, 2003)[9]. Internal accountants who are employees of the company are under the influence of the directors and, as such, may have an unhelpful level of bias towards the company. In this case, where there are competing requirements, accountants cannot be relied upon to exercise the same degree of sound professional judgment. Published accounts are only as good as the information that is supplied to the accountants preparing these accounts. If accountants are not given the full information in relation to the company, they will simply not produce accurate accounts, regardless of how sound their professional judgment is (Chisnall, 2001)[10]. Professional accountants, as a whole, are required under their own code of ethics to exercise professional judgment when conducting their roles and this is generally followed. Constraints are increasingly being placed on the way in which accountants can prepare accounts and this is restricting the ability to exercise professional judgment in all cases. Care must also be taken when considering accountants who are biased due to their position with the company. Conclusions Many assumptions are made when it comes to published financial accounts. In almost all cases, these assumptions are not universally true and care should always be taken to reconsider these assumptions, whenever accounts are being analysed. Any deviations from these assumptions could dramatically impact on the way in which the company accounts are viewed by all stakeholders concerned. Bibliography Brennan, N. Gray, S.J., 2000. Accountants’ reports on profit forecasts: regulation and practice. Managerial Auditing Journal, 15, 9. Chisnall, P., 2001. Fair value accounting – an industry view. Balance Sheet, 9, 1. Cottingham, J. Hussey, R., 1995. The Prevention of Misleading Accounts Through Disclosures of Related Party Transactions. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 3, 4. Goch, D., 1975. The Changing Face of the Annual Report. Managerial Finance, 1, 3. Hermanson, R.H., Edwards, J.D. Maher, M.W., 2005. Accounting Principles. 8th ed., Freeload Press, Inc. Riahi-Belkaoui, A., 1992. Morality in Accounting. Quorum Books. Kroll, K.M., 2004. The Lowdown on Lean Accounting: A New Way of Looking at the Numbers. Journal of Accountancy, 198. Thomas Keim, M. Grant, C.T., 2003.To Tell or Not to Tell: An Auditing Case in Ethical Decision Making and Conflict Resolution. Issues in Accounting Education, 18. Watts, R. L., 2003. Conservatism in Accounting Part I: Explanations and Implications. Accounting Horizons, 17. Footnotes [1] Hermanson, R.H., Edwards, J.D. Maher, M.W., 2005. Accounting Principles. 8th ed., Freeload Press, Inc. [2] Companies Act 2006. Section 413. [3] Watts, R.L., 2003. Conservatism in Accounting Part I: Explanations and Implications. Accounting Horizons, 17. [4] Brennan, N. Gray, S.J., 2000. Accountants’ reports on profit forecasts: regulation and practice. Managerial Auditing Journal, 15, 9. [5] Kroll, Karen M., 2004. The Lowdown on Lean Accounting: A New Way of Looking at the Numbers. Journal of Accountancy, 198. [6] Cottingham, J. Hussey, R., 1995. The Prevention of Misleading Accounts Through Disclosures of Related Party Transactions. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 3, 4. [7] Goch, D., 1975. The Changing Face of the Annual Report. Managerial Finance, 1, 3. [8] Riahi-Belkaoui, A., 1992. Morality in Accounting. Quorum Books. [9] Thomas Keim, M. Grant, C.T., 2003. To Tell or Not to Tell: An Auditing Case in Ethical Decision Making and Conflict Resolution. Issues in Accounting Education, 18. [10] Chisnall, P., 2001. Fair value accounting – an industry view. Balance Sheet, 9, 1.

Assisted suicide :: essays research papers

Assisted Suicide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kovorkian’s killing spree targeted people with disabilities. The problem is that there are many doctors and nurses out there that are doing the same thing or at list supporting this issue. I agree that in some rather rear cases assisted suicide can be an act of compassion and can offer the chance of living this earth with some dignity and on one’s own terms. It sounds wonderful and in a perfect world it would be easy to determine when that would be the best thing for one’s self, a loved one or a patient. However, in the real world, there are a few things we must do first, in order to be able to make such determination. First, we must make sore that only one person never makes this decision. Such decision should be made by the patient, in collaboration with family members and loved ones and with the advice and help of one or more medical doctors. Second of all we must consider a few other things; one that the people involved in such decision ha ve the patients best interest at heart, two, we have to take in consideration the ability to reason of all the people involved. Three, we should make certain that they are able to put all other feelings that might influence this decision aside. Nevertheless, we are to consider the religious beliefs of all that are involved and how these beliefs might influence them. Moreover I think every family should have a plan just in case we will ever be faced with such situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decisions like this rise far to many question of where to draw the line between right, wrong, between compassion and crime, and other highly sensitive alike issues. Therefore we must have a system in place, which will never allow any one person to make such decision. If we ever allow only one person to make this decision, patients will ask for assisted suicide because they are depressed and in too much physical pain, doctors will assist patients in suicide based on their medical opinion (which might be wrong) and other opinions such as cost of medical care or organ donation. Moreover, family members will have the opportunity to make such decision based on anger, frustration, and financial problems or simply because it otherwise be too painful to watch a family member suffer. Because my mother haze a heart condition and went through a heart surgery already, we have talked about all the â€Å"what if’s†.

Comparison of Reliance Mutual Fund with Others

A PROJECT REPORT ON â€Å"COMPARISON OF RELIANCE MUTUAL FUND WITH OTHERS† UNDERTAKEN AT INDIA INFOLINE LTD. BARDOLI [pic] SUBMITTED BY: DIMPLE M. SHARMA (10BBA52) GUIDED BY: Mr. NAVIN H. SAPARIYA BBA PROGRAMME (Year 2012-13) [pic] VIDYABHARTI TRUST COLLEGE OF BBA & BCA, UMRAKH I DIMPLE SHARMA from Vidyabharti Trust College of BBA & BCA, Umrakh hereby declare that the project report work entitled â€Å"Comparison of Reliance Mutual Fund With Others† submitted by Ms. DIMPLE M. SHARMA Id no. 0BBA52 during December 2012 to February 2013 has been undertaken as a part of 6th Semester of BBA syllabus of Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat. I declare that this report has not been submitted to any other university or institute for any other purposes. DIMPLE M. SHARMA (10BBA52) This Project work is written in accordance with the Bachelor of Business Administration course prescribed by Veer Narmad South Gujarat University for two month project work.I am greatly thankful to India Infoline Ltd. , Bardoli for giving me an opportunity to work on this project at their company. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Viral Chauhan, I/c Principal of BBA College who gave me the chance to do this project report under India Infoline Ltd. , Bardoli. I wish to express my deep sense gratitude to my guide Mr. Navin H. Sapariya; whose constant help and support at all stages of this project has enable me to complete it. I am thankful to my company guide Mr.Parag Khatri, for providing his valuable suggestion and guidance which has given final touch to the report and also for sharing his rich experience for the contents of this report without whom this project would not have been completed successfully. Last but not least, I am also grateful to my parents, colleagues whose continuous support has always boosted my moral towards working on this report. DIMPLE M. SHARMA (10BBA52)As a partial fulfillment of BBA Programmed all students are required to undergo training for 2 months with respected to this I have prepared a project report on Comparison of Reliance Mutual Fund with Others. The project is based under the assumption that, As Mutual Fund being a new investment avenue in the market people likes to get some information about Reliance Mutual Fund. I want to measure the performance of Reliance Mutual Fund Schemes compared to others. In the duration of 8 weeks, I studied various Mutual Fund Schemes of Reliance & Open – Ended Fund like Equity Fund.In order to compare the schemes of Reliance Mutual Fund & Others, I collected weekly net asset values of Reliance Mutual Fund Schemes & Open – Ended Fund Schemes for the period of 2007 to 2012. I compare schemes by calculating risk & return thereby to measure the performance of different schemes of Reliance Mutual Fund & Open – Ended Fund in equity schemes. In the Equity Fund Schemes, the years from 2009, 2010 & 2012 Reliance Mutual Fund is well performing among others. |Ch. No. |Topic | |Page No. |1. |Introduction | | | | |About Company Profile | | | | |About Topic | | | | |About Reliance Mutual Fund | | | |2. Research Methodology | | | |3. |Data Analysis and Interpretation | | | |4. |Findings | | | |5. |Conclusions | | | |6. |Recommendations | | | |7. References | | | | |Bibliography | | | CHAPTER: – 1 [pic]Introduction [pic] COMPANY PROFILE INTRODUCTION OF INDIA INFO LINE PVT. LTD. |VISION OF THE COMPANY | |â€Å"Vision is to be the most respected company in the financial services space. | | | | | | | | | |INTRODUCTION | |5 paisa is the trade name of the India Infoline Securities private limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of India Infoline ltd. paisa | |holds membership of both the leading stock exchange of India viz. the Bombay stock exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange and is | |also a Depository Participant with NSDL and CDSL. It has tied up with the leading banks for funds transfer facilities Viz. City Bank, | |Centurion Ba nk, ICICI Bank and UTI bank the group has a membership of a Multi Commodities Exchange (MCX), National Commodities and | |Derivative Exchange of India (NCDEX) and the Dubai Gold and Commodities Exchange (DGCX). |India Infoline Ltd was founded in 1995 by a group of professionals with impeccable educational qualification and professional | |credentials. India Infoline is listed on BSE and NSE with a market capitalization of over $ 150 million. | |The India Infoline group, comprising the holding company, the India Infoline Ltd. And its wholly owned subsidiaries offers the entire | |gamut of investment products ranging from Equities and Insurance ,Fixed deposits ,GOI bonds , Loan products and other small saving | |instruments. It also owns and operates web sites, www. indiainfoline. om and www. 5paisa. com. | | | |India Infoline is a forerunner in the field of equity research. India Infoline’s research is acknowledged by none other than Forbes as | |â€Å"The best of the webâ₠¬  and â€Å"a must read for investor in Asia†. India Infoline’s research is available not just over the internet but | |also on international wire services like Bloomberg (code: ILL), Thomson first call and internet securities where it is amongst the most| |read Indian brokers. The India Infoline group has a significance presence across the country with over 500 branches in over 300 cities | |across India.All these offices are networked and connected with the corporate office in Mumbai. The group has invested significantly | |in technology and research, the result of which are there for everyone to see. The 5 paisa trading interface is one of the most | |advanced platforms available to retail investor in India. The group has membership on BSE and NSE for equities trading. It has a SEBI | |license for Portfolio Management under which, various schemes are offered, which have been continentally beating the benchmark indices | |since inception. | |THE INDIA INFOLINE LTD. |India Infoline Ltd, being a listed entity, is regulated by SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India). It undertakes equities | |research which is acknowledged by none other than Forbes as Best of the web must read for investors in Asia'. Its various | |subsidiaries are in different lines of business and hence are governed by different regulators. The subsidiaries of India Infoline Ltd | |are: | |India Infoline Securities Private Ltd. |India Infoline Securities Pvt. Ltd. is a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd, which is engaged in the businesses of Equities broking | |and Portfolio Management Services. It holds memberships of both the leading stock exchanges of India viz. the Stock Exchange, Mumbai | |(BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE). It offers broking services in the Cash and Derivatives segments of the NSE as well as the | |Cash segment of the BSE. | |India Infoline Commodities Private Ltd. | |India Infoline Commodities Pvt.Ltd is a 100% subsidiary of India Inf oline Ltd, which is engaged in the business of commodities | |broking. Our experience in securities broking empowered us with the requisite skills and technologies to allow us offer commodities | |broking as a contra- | |Cyclical alternative to equities broking. We enjoy memberships with the MCX and NCDEX, two leading Indian commodities exchanges, and | |recently acquired membership of DGCX. We have a multi-channel delivery model, making it among the select few to online as well as | |offline trading facilities. |India Infoline Distribution Co. Ltd. | |India Infoline. com Distribution Co Ltd is a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd. and is engaged in the business of distribution of | |Mutual Funds, IPO’s, Fixed Deposits and other small savings products. It is one of the largest ‘vendor-independent' distribution houses| |and has a wide pan-India footprint of over 232 branches coupled with a huge number of ‘feet-on-street', which helps source and service | |custom ers across the length and breadth of India.Its unique value proposition of free doorstep expert advice coupled with free pick-up| |and delivery of cheques has been met with an enthusiastic response from customers and fund houses alike. Our business has expanded to | |include the online distribution of mutual funds, wherein users can view and compare different product offerings and download | |application forms which they can later submit to the product provider. | | | | | | |India Infoline Insurance Services Ltd. | |India Infoline Insurance Services Ltd is also a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd and is a registered Corporate Agent with the | |Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA). It is the largest Corporate Agent for ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co Ltd, | which is India's largest private Life Insurance Company. | |India Infoline Investment Services Ltd. | |India Infoline Investment Service Ltd is also a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd. It has an NBF C license from the Reserve Bank of | |India (RBI) and offers margin-funding facility to the broking customers. | |India Infoline Insurance Broker Ltd. | |India Infoline Insurance Brokers Ltd. is a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd and is a newly formed subsidiary which will carry out | |the business of Insurance broking. We have applied to IRDA for the insurance broking license and the clearance for the same is awaited. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |OPERATIONS | |This is where the 5paisa subsidiary of the India Infoline group, comes in. They operate their functions through their domain knowledge | |and database on in depth research of complex paradigms of commodity kinetics, offers their customers a unique insight into behavioral | |patterns of these markets. Their customers are ideally positioned to make informed investment decisions with a high probability of | |success | |India Infoline commodities private ltd. offers the investors the opportunity to participate in this market by facilitating trading in | |commodities futures.They are the members of Multi commodity Exchange of India (MCX) and National Commodity Exchange of India | |(NCDEX). Their main function is to provide the investor with the complete range of commodities for trading, in both the morning as well | |as evening sessions. | |Trading can be online, over the phone or at their branches. Highly qualified, well trained relationship managers are available at their| |investor points across the country, to help the investor make the best of commodities trading! | |Besides all the above functions, they also leverage their skills in research, investments in cutting edge technology and understanding | |of investor’s requirements to ensure that their needs are taken care of.Thus, they perform the function of adding value to the | |investor’s money. | | | | | | | HISTORY & MILESTONES |Year | | |2011 |Launched IIFL Mutual Fund. | |2010 |Received in-principle approval fo r membership of the Singapore Stock Exchange | | |Received membership of the Colombo Stock Exchange. | | | |2009 |Acquired registration for Housing Finance | | |SEBI in-principle approval for Mutual Fund | | |Obtained Venture Capital license | | | | |2008 |Launched IIFL Wealth | | |Transitioned to insurance broking model | |2007 |Commenced institutional equities business under IIFL | |Formed Singapore subsidiary, IIFL (Asia) Pte Ltd | | | | |2006 |Acquired membership of DGCX | | |Commenced the lending business | | | | |2005 |Maiden IPO and listed on NSE, BSE | | | | |2004 |Acquired commodities broking license | | |Launched Portfolio Management Service | | | | |2003 |Launched proprietary trading platform Trader Terminal for retail customers | | | | |2000 |Launched online trading through www. 5paisa. com Started distribution of life insurance and mutual fund | | | | |1999 |Launched www. indiainfoline. om | | | | |1997 |Launched research products of leading Indian compani es, key sectors and the economy Client included | | |leading FIIs, banks and companies. | | | | |1995 |Commenced operations as an Equity Research firm | | | | PRODUCT & SERVICES Equities our core offering, gives us a leading market share in both retail and institutional segments.Over a million retail customers rely on our research, as do leading FIIs and MFs that invest billions. IIFL has rapidly emerged as one of the premier institutional equities houses in India with a team of over 25 research analysts, a full-fledged sales and trading team coupled with an experienced investment banking team. Private Wealth Management services cater to over 2500 families who have trusted us with close to Rs 25,000 crores ($ 5bn) of assets for advice. Investment Banking services are for corporates looking to raise capital. Our forte is Equity Capital Markets, where we have executed several marquee transactions. |IIFL’s investment banking division was launched in 2006.The business leverage s upon its strength of research and placement | |capabilities of the institutional and retail sales teams. Our experienced investment banking team possesses the skill-set to | |manage all kinds of investment banking transactions. Our close interaction with investors as well as corporates helps us | |understand and offer tailor-made solutions to fulfill requirements. | | | |IIFL Mutual Fund made an impressive beginning in FY12, with lowest charge Nifty ETF. Other products include Fixed Maturity | |Plans. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Credit & Finance focuses on secured mortgages and consumer loans. Our high quality loan book of over Rs. 6,200 crores ($ 1. 2bn) is backed by strong capital adequacy of approximately 20%. IIFL offers a wide array of secured loan products. Currently, secured loans (mortgage loans, margin funding, loans against shares) comprise 94% of the loan book. The Company has discontinued its unsecured products. It has robust credit processes and collections mec hanism resulting in overall NPAs of less than 1%.The Company has deployed proprietary loan-processing software to enable stringent credit checks while ensuring fast application processing. Recently the company has also launched Loans against Gold. Life Insurance, Pension and other Financial Products, on open architecture complete our product suite to help customers build a balanced portfolio. IIFL entered the insurance distribution business in 2000 as ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co. Ltd’s corporate agent. Later, it became an Insurance broker in October 2008 in line with its strategy to have an ‘open architecture’ model. The Company now distributes products of major insurance companies through its subsidiary India Infoline Insurance Brokers Ltd.Customers can choose from a wide bouquet of products from several insurance companies including Max New York Life Insurance, MetLife, Reliance Life Insurance, Bajaj Allianz Life, Birla Sunlife, Life Insurance Corporatio n, Kotak Life Insurance and others. |Commodities | |IIFL offers commodities trading to its customers vide its membership of the MCX and the NCDEX. Our domain knowledge and data | |based on in depth research of complex paradigms of commodity kinetics, offers our customers a unique insight into behavioral | |patterns of these markets. Our customers are ideally positioned to make informed investment decisions with a high probability of| |success. | IIFL (India Info Line Ltd) – Corporate Structure [pic] [pic] ABOUT THE TOPIC COMPARISON OF RELIANCE MUTUAL FUND WITH OTHERS† What are Mutual Funds? |A Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of investors who share a common financial goal. The money thus | |collected is then invested in capital market instruments such as shares, debentures and other securities. The income earned | |through these investments and the capital appreciation realized are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the number of | |uni ts owned by them. Thus a Mutual Fund is the most suitable investment for the common man as it offers an opportunity to invest | |in a diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at a relatively low cost.The flow chart below describes broadly | |the working of a mutual fund: | |[pic] | | Mutual Fund Operation Flow Chart | | | | | | | | | | | |ORGANIZATION OF A MUTUAL FUND | |There are many entities involved and the diagram below illustrates the organizational set up of a mutual fund: | | [pic] | | Organization of a Mutual Fund | | | |ADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL FUNDS | |The advantages of investing in a Mutual Fund are: | |Professional Management | |Diversification | |Convenient Administration | |ReturnPotential | |Low Costs | |Liquidity | |Transparency | |Flexibility | |Choice of schemes | |Tax benefits | |Well regulated | | | | | | | | | |TYPES OF MUTUAL FUND SCHEMES | |Wide varieties of Mutual Fund Schemes exist to cater to the needs such as financial position, r isk tolerance and return | |expectations etc. The table below gives an overview into the existing types of schemes in the Industry. | | | TYPES OF MUTUAL FUND SCHEMES BY STRUCTURE †¢ Open – Ended Schemes †¢ Close – Ended Schemes †¢ Interval Schemes BY INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE †¢ Growth Schemes †¢ Income Schemes †¢ Balanced Schemes †¢ Money Market Schemes OTHER SCHEMES †¢ Tax Saving Schemes †¢ Special Schemes – Index Schemes – Sector Specific Schemes | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FREQUENTLY USED TERMS | |   | |Net Asset Value (NAV) | | | |Net Asset Value is the market value of the assets of the scheme minus its liabilities. The per unit NAV is the net asset value of | |the scheme divided by the number of units outstanding on the Valuation Date. |   | |Sale Price | | | |Is the price you pay when you invest in a scheme? Also called Offer Price. It may include a sales load. | |   | |Repurchase Price | | | |Is the price at which units under open-ended schemes are repurchased by the Mutual Fund? Such prices are NAV related. |   | |Redemption Price | | | |Is the price at which close-ended schemes redeem their units on maturity. Such prices are NAV related. | |   | |Sales Load | | | |Is a charge collected by a scheme when it sells the units?Also called, ‘Front-end’ load. Schemes that do not charge a load are | |called ‘No Load’ schemes. | |   | | | | | High Risk, High Return Many investors purchase a particular stock with the intention of making a big profit over a short period of time. However, this action is not investing, but a pure gambling. The reason for this is that you are never guaranteed that you will get the high returns you hope for over such a short period of time.There may be times in which stocks have put a record on short-term growth, but these occurrences are very rare. On average stocks have returned from 10% to 12%. However, thi s doesn't mean that all stocks return at these rates. The stock market is characterized by the trade-off between risk and return. The higher the risk the investor is willing and able to take, the higher the potential rewards from the investment. Therefore, if a particular investment offers you high returns, it is an indication that it will come with a high risk burden. As part of the selection process, you should determine the risk level of the stock as well as your risk tolerance. If you are looking for high returns you should be able to meet high potential losses as well.Many investors prefer young technology-oriented companies over blue chip companies, because the first provide higher returns than the latter. However, the latter provides its shareholders with regular dividends to compensate for the modest growth. So, the next time you are offered a stock that is expected to triple in value over a short time period, think carefully whether to invest in it, because the chances of i t failing to reach this level of return is extremely high. Risk : Return (finance) the financial term for profit or loss derived from an investment. Return is the benefit distributed to the owner. A person making an investment expects to get some return from the investment in the future. But as the future is uncertain, so is the future expected return.It is the uncertainty associated with the returns from an investment that introduces risk in to an investment. Standard Deviation: For the more technically-minded, Standard Deviation is â€Å"the basic statistical measure of the dispersion of a population of data observations around a mean†. In trading language it’s an indication of price fluctuation; it measures how far the closing price is from the average closing price over a set period. The greater the difference between the closing prices and the average price, the higher the standard deviation will be. The closer the closing prices are to the average price, the lowe r the standard deviation . he relative rate at which the price of security moves up and down. Risk is found by calculating the annualized standard deviation or daily changes in the price. Risk = standard deviation of closing price [for n periods] / average closing price [for n periods] [pic] The variance and standard deviation measure the extent of variability of possible returns from the expected return. Several other measures such as a range, semi-variance and mean absolute deviation have been used to indicate measure risk but standard deviation has been the most popularly accepted measure. The standard deviation or variance however provides a measurement of total risk associated with security.Total risk comprises of two components namely systematic risk and unsystematic risk. Variance: The variance of a random variable is a measure of its statistical dispersion, indicating how far from the expected value the variance is the average of squared deviation about the arithmetic mean f or a set of numbers It describes how far values lie from the mean. In particular, the variance is one of the moments of a distribution. [pic] Risk and Beta: As far as an investor is concerned, the systematic risk is no very important as it can be reduced or eliminated through diversification. It is an irrelevant risk. The risk that is relevant in decision making is the systematic risk because it is undiversifiable.Hence the investor seeks to measure the systematic risk of security. Systematic risk is the variability in security returns caused by changes in the economy or the market. All securities are affected by such changes to some extent, but some securities exhibit greater variability in response to market changes. Such securities are said to have higher systematic risk. A higher variability would indicate higher systematic risk and vice versa. The systematic risk of security is measured by a statistical measure called â€Å"Beta† the input data required for the calculati on for beta are the historical data of returns of the individual security as well as the returns of a representative stock market index.For the calculation of beta, the return of individual security is taken as dependent variable, and the return of the market index is taken as the independent variable. Beta is a score that measures a market stock’ volatility or risk against the rest of the market. It is calculating using regression analysis. â€Å"The Beta of an asset, ? , is a measure of the variability of that asset relative to the variability of the market as a whole . Beta is an index of the systematic risk of an asset†. Risk also implies return. Stocks with a high beta should have a higher return than the market. If you are accepting more risk you should accept more reward as beta measures the Risk of a securities return relative to the market the larger the beta, the security is more risky. A beta of 1. indicates a security of average risk a stock with beta great er than 1. 0 has above average risk. Its returns would be more risky than the market returns. A stock with less than 1. 0 would have below average risk. A security can have betas that are positive, negative or zero. It is a historical measure of systematic risk of systematic risk. In using this beta for investment decision making, the investor is assuming that the relationship between the security variability and market variability will continue to remain the same in future also. Investor can find the best use of beta ratio in short term decision making, where price volatility is important. Beta shows sensitivity of Stock market with that of index. If positive than moves with market. And if beta is negative it has inverse relationship. † Correlation: The correlation is one of the most useful statistics. A correlation is single number that describes degree of relationship between two variables. Correlation is a statistical technique that can show weather that how strongly pairs of variables are related. For example height and weight are related taller people tend to be heavier than shorter people. The relationship isn’t perfect. People of the same height vary in weight and you can think of two people. You know where the shorter one is heavier than the other taller one.Correlation can tell you just how much of the variation in people’s weight is elated to their heights. Compute the correlation value, the formula for correlation are: [pic] Covariance: Intuitively, covariance is the measure of how much two variables vary together. That is to say, the covariance becomes more positive for each pair of values which differ from their mean in the same direction, and becomes more negative with each pair of values which differ from their mean in opposite directions. In this way, the more often they differ in the same direction, the more positive the covariance, and the more often they differ in opposite directions, the more negative the covariance.The covariance between two real-valued random variables X and Y, with expected values E(X) = ? and E(Y) = ? is defined as: [pic] [pic] About Reliance Mutual Fund Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) has been established as a trust under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 with Reliance Capital Limited (RCL), as the Settler/Sponsor and Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited (RCTCL), as the Trustee. RMF has been registered with the Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI) vide registration number MF/022/95/1 dated June 30, 1995. The name of Reliance Capital Mutual Fund was changed to Reliance Mutual Fund effective 11th March 2004 vide SEBI's letter no. IMD/PSP/4958/2004 date 11th March 2004.Reliance Mutual Fund was formed to launch various schemes under which units are issued to the Public with a view to contribute to the capital market and to provide investors the opportunities to make investments in diversified securities. The main objectives of the Reliance Mutual Fund are: †¢ To carry on the act ivity of a Mutual Fund as may be permitted at law and formulate and devise various collective Schemes of savings and investments for people in India and abroad and also ensure liquidity of investments for the Unit holders; †¢ To deploy Funds thus raised so as to help the Unit holders earn reasonable returns on their savings and †¢ To take such steps as may be necessary from time to time to realise the effects without any limitation.Our Schemes Equity The aim of growth funds is to provide capital appreciation over the medium to long- term. Such schemes normally invest a major part of their corpus in equities. Such funds have comparatively high risks. These schemes provide different options to the investors like dividend option, capital appreciation, etc. and the investors may choose an option depending on their preferences. The investors must indicate the option in the application form. The mutual funds also allow the investors to change the options at a later date. Growth schemes are good for investors having a long-term outlook seeking appreciation over a period of time. Diversified Large Cap |Diversified Theme Based | |Diversified Multi Cap |Sector | |Diversified Mid Cap & Small Cap |Tax Saver | |Index |Arbitrage | |Banking |Balanced | DebtThe aim of income funds is to provide regular and steady income to investors. Such schemes generally invest in fixed income securities such as bonds, corporate debentures, Government securities and money market instruments. Such funds are less risky compared to equity schemes. These funds are not affected because of fluctuations in equity markets. However, opportunities of capital appreciation are also limited in such funds. The NAVs of such funds are affected because of change in interest rates in the country. If the interest rates fall, NAVs of such funds are likely to increase in the short run and vice versa. However, long term investors may not bother about these fluctuations. Ultra Short Term |Money Market Funds (Liquid Funds) | |Short Term Funds |Long Term Funds | |Monthly Income Plans | | Gold Gold is seen as a symbol of security and a sign of prosperity. Indian consumers consider gold jewellery as an investment and are well aware of gold’s benefits as a store of value. Gold is also recognized as a form of money in India, a tradable liquid asset. It is one of the foundation assets for Indian households and a means to accumulate wealth from a long term perspective. Gold investment has been in the culture of Indian tradition and has been on rise amongst the modern investors as well due to the financial uncertainty and inflationary pressures. Gold Exchange Traded Fund |Gold Savings Fund | [pic]Chapter – 2 research methodology RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Problem Statement: â€Å"Comparison of Reliance Mutual Fund with others. † Scope of Study: The scope of the project is mainly concentrated on the different categories of the mutual funds such as equity schemes, debt fun ds, balanced funds and equity linked savings schemes etc. Research Objectives: Primary Objective: †¢ To know the best scheme of Mutual Fund by different parameters. Secondary Objectives: †¢ Understanding the attitude & behavior of the distributors towards Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF). Understanding the competition for the schemes provided by different Mutual Funds Company. †¢ Finding out ways & means to improve on the services by RMF. †¢ To evaluate investment performance of selected mutual funds in terms of risk and return. †¢ Also to analyze the performance of mutual fund schemes on the basis of various parameters. Importance of The Study: This study provides the good comparison to Reliance Mutual Fund for improving in their services and takes a sound decision regarding it. Reference Period: Reference period is 1st January 2007 to 30th December 2012. Research Design: I have selected Descriptive Research Design. Data Collection: Collect data with the help of distributor (INDIA INFOLINE) and Internet.Sample Size 5 schemes of Reliance Mutual Fund & 5 schemes of Open – Ended Funds. Plan for Data Analysis: By stepwise like: †¢ Checking †¢ Editing †¢ Tabulating through Table, Charts & Graphs. LIMITATION OF STUDY: †¢ Data is collected from secondary sources which may not be as reliable as primary data so sometimes it may be lead wrong prediction about future. †¢ Data giving a prediction of market condition but other factors also affect to it so perfect suggestion may not be predicted. DIRECTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: The study is held for direct Company and research department head. [pic]Chapter: – 3 Data Analysis & Interpretations DATA INTERPRETATIONThe study is based on the weekly scheme returns of Mutual Fund as well as the weekly return of NIFTY INDEX. The series of scheme returns computed from weekly scheme prices of the nifty index for the period of 5 years from 1st Jan 2007 to 31st Dec 2012 and tak e top 5 Open – Ended Schemes to measure risk and return. Risk is measured by standard deviation, beta, etc. Performance of Reliance Banking Fund & Other: [pic] |Funds Name | Beta |Standard Deviation |Correlation |Covariance |Return | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund- |1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 86 |0. 0018 |110. 8% | |Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 77% |3. 9% |0. 93 |0. 0014 |82. 92% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery |1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 86 |0. 0018 |110. 8% | |Fund- Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 77% |3. 9% |0. 93 |0. 0014 |82. 92% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund- |1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 86 |0. 0018 |110. 8% | |Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 77% |3. 9% |0. 93 |0. 0014 |82. 92% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund-|1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 6 |0. 0018 |110. 78% | |Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 77% |3. 9% |0. 93 |0. 0014 |82. 2% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund-|1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 86 |0. 0018 |110. 78% | |Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 7% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund- Growth |1. 03% | |Reliance Banking Fund- Growth |0. 98% | |Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund- Growth |0. 90% | |Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund- Growth |0. 86% | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- Growth |0. 78% | Standard Deviation: Here, are the top 5 schemes that has moderate & low deviation which is somewhat good. Funds Name |Standard Deviation | |Reliance MIP (Monthly Income Plan) Fund- Growth |3. 10% | |Reliance Pharma Fund- Growth |3. 30 % | |Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund- Growth |3. 50% | |SBI Magnum Balanced Fund- Growth |3. 80% | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |3. 90% | Correlation:Here, are the top 5 schemes whose Correlation is High & Highly Moderate. |Funds Name |Correlation | |SBI Magnum Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 95 | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 93 | |Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund- Growth |0. 92 | |Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund- Growth |0. 91 | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund- Growth |0. 6 | Covariance: Here, are top 5 schemes who has moderate to low variation compared to others. |Funds Name |Covariance | |Reliance MIP (Monthly Income Plan) Fund- Growth |0. 0004 | |Reliance Pharma Fund- Growth |0. 0008 | |Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund- Growth |0. 0011 | |ICICI Prudential FMCG Fund- Growth |0. 012 | |SBI Magnum Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 0013 | [pic] Chapter: – 5 Conclusions Conclusion Every investor wants to maximize his returns at the lowest possible risk or he tries to minim ize his risk keeping his returns equivalent, both gives him higher profits. In evaluating mutual funds, investors usually consider only the past returns generated by the fund without considering the risk associated with it. From the project, I conclude that, After analysis of all the schemes of reliance mutual fund & open – ended funds, there are 5 schemes that as high risk involved but there is also high return accumulated with it. These schemes are Reliance Banking Fund,Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund, Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund, ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund & UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund. Theory says that risk and return go hand in hand. And we can see that in these 5 schemes. Considering all the factors, the best scheme is Reliance Pharma Fund & Reliance MIP (Monthly Income Plan) Fund compare to all other schemes. [pic] CHAPTER – Recommendation †¢ After analyze the Risk and Return of all the schemes of Reliance Mutual Fund & Open – En ded Funds, I recommend that the Reliance Pharma Fund & Reliance MIP (Monthly Income Plan) Fund for the low risk takers and Reliance Banking Fund & ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund for the high risk takers.These schemes gives the highest return but there is also high risk compare to other schemes included in Reliance Mutual Fund & Open – Ended Funds. Those people invest in this schemes who believes that â€Å"High Risk, High Gain†. †¢ I also recommend that the SBI Magnum Balanced Fund and TATA Balanced Fund schemes are providing less return & having high risk so; there is highest risk to invest in these two schemes. [pic] Chapter: – 7 Bibliography ? www. mutualfundsindia. com/rankfund. rpt. asp ? http://www. personalfn. com/tools-and-resources/mutual-funds/nav-history. aspx ? http://www. indiainfoline. com/Aboutus/ ? http://www. reliancemutual. com/NAV/NAVDownload. aspx [pic] ———————– DECLARATION ACKNOWL EDGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS