Basic Assumptions in Accounting

Basic Assumptions in Accounting Accounts are produced by all companies as a way of providing information to all third parties interested in the company’s performance. One of the primary aims of these accounts is to reduce the problems inherent in the agency relationship of the directors with the other interested stakeholders such as investors, employees and even government bodies. Due to the wide range of uses for accounts, it is little wonder that research into the way that these accounts are drafted and presented has had to lay down some fundamental assumptions in the way that accounts are written. However, in reality the assumptions that have underlined the analysis of accounts may, at times, be flawed, causing the overall analysis of these accounts to be at best incomplete and possibly even inaccurate (Hermanson, 2005)[1]. Assumption 1 – Accounts are Primarily for Shareholders This is a very common assumption and in many cases is not a damaging one. Even the law seems to support this assumption, with legislation requiring that annual accounts are produced and supplied to the shareholders (Companies Act 2006)[2]. This fuels the concept that the accounts are for the use of the shareholders, only. It is true, however, that accounts are largely for shareholders. The company belongs to the shareholders and is managed and run by the directors. This structure produces an agency problem with those running the business not being those individuals who ultimately benefit or suffer from its success or failure. Shareholders need the accounts in order to determine whether their investment is safe, whether they should be investing more, withdrawing their investment or asking certain questions of the board in relation to policies or activities. The accounts give valuable information to the shareholders in relation to the volume of sales, profitability, comparative analysis of key competitors and the overall value of the shares. Accounting standards have been developed with this key use in mind. It is necessary for all accounts to be audited by an independent auditor to determine that the accounts offer a true and fair value of the state of the financial position of the company. This is, of course, vital for the shareholders as they must trust the accounts being produced by the directors to be accurate, in order for them to make their investment decisions. Whilst all of these principles appear to be geared towards the shareholders, there are other users of the accounts that benefit equally from the standard set out in relation to published accounts. Other key users include the lenders. For many businesses, these stakeholders are absolutely vital and they will be largely interested in the same information as the shareholders, although will only really be concerned about whether the company has sufficient resource to pay back the loan that they have advanced to the company and that suitable security over assets exists (Watts, 2003)[3]. Employees are clearly interested in knowing the health and profitability of the company so that they can be comfortable with their own job security. However, this stakeholder group is often overlooked, despite its central role within the organisation. In addition, government agencies should not be overlooked, with agencies such as HM Revenue and Customs requiring information in order to collect the correct amount of corporation taxes (Brennan, 2000)[4]. Therefore, whilst shareholders may be the most visible group of stakeholders with an interest in the accounts, there are other stakeholders which also have an interest and should not be disregarded. Assumption 2 Accounting Measures a Concrete Reality which is Out There Prepared accounts are required to follow the basic principles such as relevance, understandability, consistency and comparability. Therefore, whilst accounts are prepared in line with the directors’ decisions and interpretations, there are certain underlying rules that must be followed to ensure that the accounts are as close to an unbiased, concrete reflection of the state of the business as is possible. In particular, this is important for the benefit of investor and shareholder comparisons. In order to make suitable judgements regarding investments and decisions about which company should be given support, the accounts of the two companies must be comparable. To be comparable the accounts must be as objective and factual as possible. However, just because it is desirable for the accounts to be a concrete reflection of what is ‘out there’ in the company does not mean that this is an assumption which can be drawn as being true. This need for consistency has been recognised by the International Accounting Standards Board which has developed, in so far as is possible, the financial reporting standards that companies need to follow in a bid to ensure that accounts are as close to being a concrete and comparable reflection as possible (Kroll, 2004)[5]. Take, for example, the way in which a company chooses to report its cash earned. The company could choose to operate on either a cash or on an accrual basis. Under the cash basis, the company would report income as soon as it actually arrives within the company, whereas the accrual basis shows the income earned at the time of the writing of the accounts, regardless of whether or not it has been already received. It is clear to see that the choice as to whether to follow a cash model or an accrual model will have a significant impact on the way in which the profit and loss appears in relation to the company. Other policies that are managed by international standards include issues such as the treatment of goodwill or depreciation, both areas that have traditionally allowed considerable director discretion. By having these basic accounting standards that companies must follow, there is certainly a move towards establishing concrete accounts. This, however, has not been fully achieved yet and, therefore, it is not fair to assume that all accounts are a completely concrete reflection of what is ‘out there’. Assumption 3 – Accounting Can be Neutral Clearly, it is desirable that financial accounts produced by companies are entirely neutral in the way that they are presented. Inaccuracy in accounts generally falls into two distinct categories, dishonesty or incompetence. Dishonesty has several different gradients and may be as simple as the desire by the management team to present a certain aspect of the business, whilst minimising the importance of other activities within the business. One of the main ways that a company could ensure that there is no element of dishonesty in the accounts is to have external auditors checking the accounts to ensure that they are a fair and accurate reflection of the company situation. Furthermore, with the financial reporting standards that have now been developed to ensure neutrality in the published accounts, companies are required to state definitively if they have deviated from the financial reporting standards, so that any move away from neutrality can be immediately and categorically identified. Therefore, whilst not all accounts will always be unbiased or neutral, identifying where neutrality has been deviated from, companies are now required to draw attention actively to this fact, thus increasing transparency. The use of external auditors in the preparation of the accounts is also a useful check and balance to ensure lack of misleading statements in the accounts (Cottingham, 1995)[6]. Despite all these measures, there remains the biased element of the accounts in the chairman’s statement. This is the opportunity for the board of directors to state their opinion and to detail the rationale of the company in terms of previous decisions and the direction which the company is taking in the longer term. This element of the report will naturally result in a non-neutral position (Goch, 1975)[7]. Company accounts are produced, as established earlier, for the benefit of many stakeholders, although primarily they are used by the shareholders and lenders to assist their investment decision. It is only natural, therefore, that companies will choose to forward their best possible position for the accounts. Whilst there are checks and balances in place in the form of financial reporting standards and the requirement of the independent auditor, it is fair to state the accounts are not entirely neutral, at all times. Assumption 4 Accountants are Professionals and Have the Ability to use Sound Judgement Accountants are used at all levels by companies of all sizes to manage the financial affairs of the company and ultimately to produce the accounts for external use, on an annual basis. All qualified accountants are required to be members of professional bodies such as Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales and have strict codes of professional ethics in relation to the way in which they conduct their role (Riahi-Belkaoui, 1992)[8]. Despite the need for these accountants to be controlled and to be managed in a way that they conduct their role, it is essential that they are given suitable freedom to exercise their own professional judgement. Increasing transparency requirements and the greater degree of prescription that is being placed on the accounting profession, in terms of financial reporting standards and requirement is changing the role of accountants in the preparation of accounts. Accounting standards have resulted in accountancy becoming much more of a science than an art form. There is a danger in this shift of emphasis. Accountants are professionals and their sound professional judgement is essential in ensuring that the most accurate company accounts are produced. However, this sound professional judgement is only useful if it is unbiased to the company itself, i.e. through an independent accountant or auditor (Thomas Keim, 2003)[9]. Internal accountants who are employees of the company are under the influence of the directors and, as such, may have an unhelpful level of bias towards the company. In this case, where there are competing requirements, accountants cannot be relied upon to exercise the same degree of sound professional judgment. Published accounts are only as good as the information that is supplied to the accountants preparing these accounts. If accountants are not given the full information in relation to the company, they will simply not produce accurate accounts, regardless of how sound their professional judgment is (Chisnall, 2001)[10]. Professional accountants, as a whole, are required under their own code of ethics to exercise professional judgment when conducting their roles and this is generally followed. Constraints are increasingly being placed on the way in which accountants can prepare accounts and this is restricting the ability to exercise professional judgment in all cases. Care must also be taken when considering accountants who are biased due to their position with the company. Conclusions Many assumptions are made when it comes to published financial accounts. In almost all cases, these assumptions are not universally true and care should always be taken to reconsider these assumptions, whenever accounts are being analysed. Any deviations from these assumptions could dramatically impact on the way in which the company accounts are viewed by all stakeholders concerned. Bibliography Brennan, N. Gray, S.J., 2000. Accountants’ reports on profit forecasts: regulation and practice. Managerial Auditing Journal, 15, 9. Chisnall, P., 2001. Fair value accounting – an industry view. Balance Sheet, 9, 1. Cottingham, J. Hussey, R., 1995. The Prevention of Misleading Accounts Through Disclosures of Related Party Transactions. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 3, 4. Goch, D., 1975. The Changing Face of the Annual Report. Managerial Finance, 1, 3. Hermanson, R.H., Edwards, J.D. Maher, M.W., 2005. Accounting Principles. 8th ed., Freeload Press, Inc. Riahi-Belkaoui, A., 1992. Morality in Accounting. Quorum Books. Kroll, K.M., 2004. The Lowdown on Lean Accounting: A New Way of Looking at the Numbers. Journal of Accountancy, 198. Thomas Keim, M. Grant, C.T., 2003.To Tell or Not to Tell: An Auditing Case in Ethical Decision Making and Conflict Resolution. Issues in Accounting Education, 18. Watts, R. L., 2003. Conservatism in Accounting Part I: Explanations and Implications. Accounting Horizons, 17. Footnotes [1] Hermanson, R.H., Edwards, J.D. Maher, M.W., 2005. Accounting Principles. 8th ed., Freeload Press, Inc. [2] Companies Act 2006. Section 413. [3] Watts, R.L., 2003. Conservatism in Accounting Part I: Explanations and Implications. Accounting Horizons, 17. [4] Brennan, N. Gray, S.J., 2000. Accountants’ reports on profit forecasts: regulation and practice. Managerial Auditing Journal, 15, 9. [5] Kroll, Karen M., 2004. The Lowdown on Lean Accounting: A New Way of Looking at the Numbers. Journal of Accountancy, 198. [6] Cottingham, J. Hussey, R., 1995. The Prevention of Misleading Accounts Through Disclosures of Related Party Transactions. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 3, 4. [7] Goch, D., 1975. The Changing Face of the Annual Report. Managerial Finance, 1, 3. [8] Riahi-Belkaoui, A., 1992. Morality in Accounting. Quorum Books. [9] Thomas Keim, M. Grant, C.T., 2003. To Tell or Not to Tell: An Auditing Case in Ethical Decision Making and Conflict Resolution. Issues in Accounting Education, 18. [10] Chisnall, P., 2001. Fair value accounting – an industry view. Balance Sheet, 9, 1.

Assisted suicide :: essays research papers

Assisted Suicide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kovorkian’s killing spree targeted people with disabilities. The problem is that there are many doctors and nurses out there that are doing the same thing or at list supporting this issue. I agree that in some rather rear cases assisted suicide can be an act of compassion and can offer the chance of living this earth with some dignity and on one’s own terms. It sounds wonderful and in a perfect world it would be easy to determine when that would be the best thing for one’s self, a loved one or a patient. However, in the real world, there are a few things we must do first, in order to be able to make such determination. First, we must make sore that only one person never makes this decision. Such decision should be made by the patient, in collaboration with family members and loved ones and with the advice and help of one or more medical doctors. Second of all we must consider a few other things; one that the people involved in such decision ha ve the patients best interest at heart, two, we have to take in consideration the ability to reason of all the people involved. Three, we should make certain that they are able to put all other feelings that might influence this decision aside. Nevertheless, we are to consider the religious beliefs of all that are involved and how these beliefs might influence them. Moreover I think every family should have a plan just in case we will ever be faced with such situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decisions like this rise far to many question of where to draw the line between right, wrong, between compassion and crime, and other highly sensitive alike issues. Therefore we must have a system in place, which will never allow any one person to make such decision. If we ever allow only one person to make this decision, patients will ask for assisted suicide because they are depressed and in too much physical pain, doctors will assist patients in suicide based on their medical opinion (which might be wrong) and other opinions such as cost of medical care or organ donation. Moreover, family members will have the opportunity to make such decision based on anger, frustration, and financial problems or simply because it otherwise be too painful to watch a family member suffer. Because my mother haze a heart condition and went through a heart surgery already, we have talked about all the â€Å"what if’s†.

Comparison of Reliance Mutual Fund with Others

A PROJECT REPORT ON â€Å"COMPARISON OF RELIANCE MUTUAL FUND WITH OTHERS† UNDERTAKEN AT INDIA INFOLINE LTD. BARDOLI [pic] SUBMITTED BY: DIMPLE M. SHARMA (10BBA52) GUIDED BY: Mr. NAVIN H. SAPARIYA BBA PROGRAMME (Year 2012-13) [pic] VIDYABHARTI TRUST COLLEGE OF BBA & BCA, UMRAKH I DIMPLE SHARMA from Vidyabharti Trust College of BBA & BCA, Umrakh hereby declare that the project report work entitled â€Å"Comparison of Reliance Mutual Fund With Others† submitted by Ms. DIMPLE M. SHARMA Id no. 0BBA52 during December 2012 to February 2013 has been undertaken as a part of 6th Semester of BBA syllabus of Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat. I declare that this report has not been submitted to any other university or institute for any other purposes. DIMPLE M. SHARMA (10BBA52) This Project work is written in accordance with the Bachelor of Business Administration course prescribed by Veer Narmad South Gujarat University for two month project work.I am greatly thankful to India Infoline Ltd. , Bardoli for giving me an opportunity to work on this project at their company. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Viral Chauhan, I/c Principal of BBA College who gave me the chance to do this project report under India Infoline Ltd. , Bardoli. I wish to express my deep sense gratitude to my guide Mr. Navin H. Sapariya; whose constant help and support at all stages of this project has enable me to complete it. I am thankful to my company guide Mr.Parag Khatri, for providing his valuable suggestion and guidance which has given final touch to the report and also for sharing his rich experience for the contents of this report without whom this project would not have been completed successfully. Last but not least, I am also grateful to my parents, colleagues whose continuous support has always boosted my moral towards working on this report. DIMPLE M. SHARMA (10BBA52)As a partial fulfillment of BBA Programmed all students are required to undergo training for 2 months with respected to this I have prepared a project report on Comparison of Reliance Mutual Fund with Others. The project is based under the assumption that, As Mutual Fund being a new investment avenue in the market people likes to get some information about Reliance Mutual Fund. I want to measure the performance of Reliance Mutual Fund Schemes compared to others. In the duration of 8 weeks, I studied various Mutual Fund Schemes of Reliance & Open – Ended Fund like Equity Fund.In order to compare the schemes of Reliance Mutual Fund & Others, I collected weekly net asset values of Reliance Mutual Fund Schemes & Open – Ended Fund Schemes for the period of 2007 to 2012. I compare schemes by calculating risk & return thereby to measure the performance of different schemes of Reliance Mutual Fund & Open – Ended Fund in equity schemes. In the Equity Fund Schemes, the years from 2009, 2010 & 2012 Reliance Mutual Fund is well performing among others. |Ch. No. |Topic | |Page No. |1. |Introduction | | | | |About Company Profile | | | | |About Topic | | | | |About Reliance Mutual Fund | | | |2. Research Methodology | | | |3. |Data Analysis and Interpretation | | | |4. |Findings | | | |5. |Conclusions | | | |6. |Recommendations | | | |7. References | | | | |Bibliography | | | CHAPTER: – 1 [pic]Introduction [pic] COMPANY PROFILE INTRODUCTION OF INDIA INFO LINE PVT. LTD. |VISION OF THE COMPANY | |â€Å"Vision is to be the most respected company in the financial services space. | | | | | | | | | |INTRODUCTION | |5 paisa is the trade name of the India Infoline Securities private limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of India Infoline ltd. paisa | |holds membership of both the leading stock exchange of India viz. the Bombay stock exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange and is | |also a Depository Participant with NSDL and CDSL. It has tied up with the leading banks for funds transfer facilities Viz. City Bank, | |Centurion Ba nk, ICICI Bank and UTI bank the group has a membership of a Multi Commodities Exchange (MCX), National Commodities and | |Derivative Exchange of India (NCDEX) and the Dubai Gold and Commodities Exchange (DGCX). |India Infoline Ltd was founded in 1995 by a group of professionals with impeccable educational qualification and professional | |credentials. India Infoline is listed on BSE and NSE with a market capitalization of over $ 150 million. | |The India Infoline group, comprising the holding company, the India Infoline Ltd. And its wholly owned subsidiaries offers the entire | |gamut of investment products ranging from Equities and Insurance ,Fixed deposits ,GOI bonds , Loan products and other small saving | |instruments. It also owns and operates web sites, www. indiainfoline. om and www. 5paisa. com. | | | |India Infoline is a forerunner in the field of equity research. India Infoline’s research is acknowledged by none other than Forbes as | |â€Å"The best of the webâ₠¬  and â€Å"a must read for investor in Asia†. India Infoline’s research is available not just over the internet but | |also on international wire services like Bloomberg (code: ILL), Thomson first call and internet securities where it is amongst the most| |read Indian brokers. The India Infoline group has a significance presence across the country with over 500 branches in over 300 cities | |across India.All these offices are networked and connected with the corporate office in Mumbai. The group has invested significantly | |in technology and research, the result of which are there for everyone to see. The 5 paisa trading interface is one of the most | |advanced platforms available to retail investor in India. The group has membership on BSE and NSE for equities trading. It has a SEBI | |license for Portfolio Management under which, various schemes are offered, which have been continentally beating the benchmark indices | |since inception. | |THE INDIA INFOLINE LTD. |India Infoline Ltd, being a listed entity, is regulated by SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India). It undertakes equities | |research which is acknowledged by none other than Forbes as Best of the web must read for investors in Asia'. Its various | |subsidiaries are in different lines of business and hence are governed by different regulators. The subsidiaries of India Infoline Ltd | |are: | |India Infoline Securities Private Ltd. |India Infoline Securities Pvt. Ltd. is a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd, which is engaged in the businesses of Equities broking | |and Portfolio Management Services. It holds memberships of both the leading stock exchanges of India viz. the Stock Exchange, Mumbai | |(BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE). It offers broking services in the Cash and Derivatives segments of the NSE as well as the | |Cash segment of the BSE. | |India Infoline Commodities Private Ltd. | |India Infoline Commodities Pvt.Ltd is a 100% subsidiary of India Inf oline Ltd, which is engaged in the business of commodities | |broking. Our experience in securities broking empowered us with the requisite skills and technologies to allow us offer commodities | |broking as a contra- | |Cyclical alternative to equities broking. We enjoy memberships with the MCX and NCDEX, two leading Indian commodities exchanges, and | |recently acquired membership of DGCX. We have a multi-channel delivery model, making it among the select few to online as well as | |offline trading facilities. |India Infoline Distribution Co. Ltd. | |India Infoline. com Distribution Co Ltd is a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd. and is engaged in the business of distribution of | |Mutual Funds, IPO’s, Fixed Deposits and other small savings products. It is one of the largest ‘vendor-independent' distribution houses| |and has a wide pan-India footprint of over 232 branches coupled with a huge number of ‘feet-on-street', which helps source and service | |custom ers across the length and breadth of India.Its unique value proposition of free doorstep expert advice coupled with free pick-up| |and delivery of cheques has been met with an enthusiastic response from customers and fund houses alike. Our business has expanded to | |include the online distribution of mutual funds, wherein users can view and compare different product offerings and download | |application forms which they can later submit to the product provider. | | | | | | |India Infoline Insurance Services Ltd. | |India Infoline Insurance Services Ltd is also a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd and is a registered Corporate Agent with the | |Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA). It is the largest Corporate Agent for ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co Ltd, | which is India's largest private Life Insurance Company. | |India Infoline Investment Services Ltd. | |India Infoline Investment Service Ltd is also a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd. It has an NBF C license from the Reserve Bank of | |India (RBI) and offers margin-funding facility to the broking customers. | |India Infoline Insurance Broker Ltd. | |India Infoline Insurance Brokers Ltd. is a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd and is a newly formed subsidiary which will carry out | |the business of Insurance broking. We have applied to IRDA for the insurance broking license and the clearance for the same is awaited. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |OPERATIONS | |This is where the 5paisa subsidiary of the India Infoline group, comes in. They operate their functions through their domain knowledge | |and database on in depth research of complex paradigms of commodity kinetics, offers their customers a unique insight into behavioral | |patterns of these markets. Their customers are ideally positioned to make informed investment decisions with a high probability of | |success | |India Infoline commodities private ltd. offers the investors the opportunity to participate in this market by facilitating trading in | |commodities futures.They are the members of Multi commodity Exchange of India (MCX) and National Commodity Exchange of India | |(NCDEX). Their main function is to provide the investor with the complete range of commodities for trading, in both the morning as well | |as evening sessions. | |Trading can be online, over the phone or at their branches. Highly qualified, well trained relationship managers are available at their| |investor points across the country, to help the investor make the best of commodities trading! | |Besides all the above functions, they also leverage their skills in research, investments in cutting edge technology and understanding | |of investor’s requirements to ensure that their needs are taken care of.Thus, they perform the function of adding value to the | |investor’s money. | | | | | | | HISTORY & MILESTONES |Year | | |2011 |Launched IIFL Mutual Fund. | |2010 |Received in-principle approval fo r membership of the Singapore Stock Exchange | | |Received membership of the Colombo Stock Exchange. | | | |2009 |Acquired registration for Housing Finance | | |SEBI in-principle approval for Mutual Fund | | |Obtained Venture Capital license | | | | |2008 |Launched IIFL Wealth | | |Transitioned to insurance broking model | |2007 |Commenced institutional equities business under IIFL | |Formed Singapore subsidiary, IIFL (Asia) Pte Ltd | | | | |2006 |Acquired membership of DGCX | | |Commenced the lending business | | | | |2005 |Maiden IPO and listed on NSE, BSE | | | | |2004 |Acquired commodities broking license | | |Launched Portfolio Management Service | | | | |2003 |Launched proprietary trading platform Trader Terminal for retail customers | | | | |2000 |Launched online trading through www. 5paisa. com Started distribution of life insurance and mutual fund | | | | |1999 |Launched www. indiainfoline. om | | | | |1997 |Launched research products of leading Indian compani es, key sectors and the economy Client included | | |leading FIIs, banks and companies. | | | | |1995 |Commenced operations as an Equity Research firm | | | | PRODUCT & SERVICES Equities our core offering, gives us a leading market share in both retail and institutional segments.Over a million retail customers rely on our research, as do leading FIIs and MFs that invest billions. IIFL has rapidly emerged as one of the premier institutional equities houses in India with a team of over 25 research analysts, a full-fledged sales and trading team coupled with an experienced investment banking team. Private Wealth Management services cater to over 2500 families who have trusted us with close to Rs 25,000 crores ($ 5bn) of assets for advice. Investment Banking services are for corporates looking to raise capital. Our forte is Equity Capital Markets, where we have executed several marquee transactions. |IIFL’s investment banking division was launched in 2006.The business leverage s upon its strength of research and placement | |capabilities of the institutional and retail sales teams. Our experienced investment banking team possesses the skill-set to | |manage all kinds of investment banking transactions. Our close interaction with investors as well as corporates helps us | |understand and offer tailor-made solutions to fulfill requirements. | | | |IIFL Mutual Fund made an impressive beginning in FY12, with lowest charge Nifty ETF. Other products include Fixed Maturity | |Plans. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Credit & Finance focuses on secured mortgages and consumer loans. Our high quality loan book of over Rs. 6,200 crores ($ 1. 2bn) is backed by strong capital adequacy of approximately 20%. IIFL offers a wide array of secured loan products. Currently, secured loans (mortgage loans, margin funding, loans against shares) comprise 94% of the loan book. The Company has discontinued its unsecured products. It has robust credit processes and collections mec hanism resulting in overall NPAs of less than 1%.The Company has deployed proprietary loan-processing software to enable stringent credit checks while ensuring fast application processing. Recently the company has also launched Loans against Gold. Life Insurance, Pension and other Financial Products, on open architecture complete our product suite to help customers build a balanced portfolio. IIFL entered the insurance distribution business in 2000 as ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co. Ltd’s corporate agent. Later, it became an Insurance broker in October 2008 in line with its strategy to have an ‘open architecture’ model. The Company now distributes products of major insurance companies through its subsidiary India Infoline Insurance Brokers Ltd.Customers can choose from a wide bouquet of products from several insurance companies including Max New York Life Insurance, MetLife, Reliance Life Insurance, Bajaj Allianz Life, Birla Sunlife, Life Insurance Corporatio n, Kotak Life Insurance and others. |Commodities | |IIFL offers commodities trading to its customers vide its membership of the MCX and the NCDEX. Our domain knowledge and data | |based on in depth research of complex paradigms of commodity kinetics, offers our customers a unique insight into behavioral | |patterns of these markets. Our customers are ideally positioned to make informed investment decisions with a high probability of| |success. | IIFL (India Info Line Ltd) – Corporate Structure [pic] [pic] ABOUT THE TOPIC COMPARISON OF RELIANCE MUTUAL FUND WITH OTHERS† What are Mutual Funds? |A Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of investors who share a common financial goal. The money thus | |collected is then invested in capital market instruments such as shares, debentures and other securities. The income earned | |through these investments and the capital appreciation realized are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the number of | |uni ts owned by them. Thus a Mutual Fund is the most suitable investment for the common man as it offers an opportunity to invest | |in a diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at a relatively low cost.The flow chart below describes broadly | |the working of a mutual fund: | |[pic] | | Mutual Fund Operation Flow Chart | | | | | | | | | | | |ORGANIZATION OF A MUTUAL FUND | |There are many entities involved and the diagram below illustrates the organizational set up of a mutual fund: | | [pic] | | Organization of a Mutual Fund | | | |ADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL FUNDS | |The advantages of investing in a Mutual Fund are: | |Professional Management | |Diversification | |Convenient Administration | |ReturnPotential | |Low Costs | |Liquidity | |Transparency | |Flexibility | |Choice of schemes | |Tax benefits | |Well regulated | | | | | | | | | |TYPES OF MUTUAL FUND SCHEMES | |Wide varieties of Mutual Fund Schemes exist to cater to the needs such as financial position, r isk tolerance and return | |expectations etc. The table below gives an overview into the existing types of schemes in the Industry. | | | TYPES OF MUTUAL FUND SCHEMES BY STRUCTURE †¢ Open – Ended Schemes †¢ Close – Ended Schemes †¢ Interval Schemes BY INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE †¢ Growth Schemes †¢ Income Schemes †¢ Balanced Schemes †¢ Money Market Schemes OTHER SCHEMES †¢ Tax Saving Schemes †¢ Special Schemes – Index Schemes – Sector Specific Schemes | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FREQUENTLY USED TERMS | |   | |Net Asset Value (NAV) | | | |Net Asset Value is the market value of the assets of the scheme minus its liabilities. The per unit NAV is the net asset value of | |the scheme divided by the number of units outstanding on the Valuation Date. |   | |Sale Price | | | |Is the price you pay when you invest in a scheme? Also called Offer Price. It may include a sales load. | |   | |Repurchase Price | | | |Is the price at which units under open-ended schemes are repurchased by the Mutual Fund? Such prices are NAV related. |   | |Redemption Price | | | |Is the price at which close-ended schemes redeem their units on maturity. Such prices are NAV related. | |   | |Sales Load | | | |Is a charge collected by a scheme when it sells the units?Also called, ‘Front-end’ load. Schemes that do not charge a load are | |called ‘No Load’ schemes. | |   | | | | | High Risk, High Return Many investors purchase a particular stock with the intention of making a big profit over a short period of time. However, this action is not investing, but a pure gambling. The reason for this is that you are never guaranteed that you will get the high returns you hope for over such a short period of time.There may be times in which stocks have put a record on short-term growth, but these occurrences are very rare. On average stocks have returned from 10% to 12%. However, thi s doesn't mean that all stocks return at these rates. The stock market is characterized by the trade-off between risk and return. The higher the risk the investor is willing and able to take, the higher the potential rewards from the investment. Therefore, if a particular investment offers you high returns, it is an indication that it will come with a high risk burden. As part of the selection process, you should determine the risk level of the stock as well as your risk tolerance. If you are looking for high returns you should be able to meet high potential losses as well.Many investors prefer young technology-oriented companies over blue chip companies, because the first provide higher returns than the latter. However, the latter provides its shareholders with regular dividends to compensate for the modest growth. So, the next time you are offered a stock that is expected to triple in value over a short time period, think carefully whether to invest in it, because the chances of i t failing to reach this level of return is extremely high. Risk : Return (finance) the financial term for profit or loss derived from an investment. Return is the benefit distributed to the owner. A person making an investment expects to get some return from the investment in the future. But as the future is uncertain, so is the future expected return.It is the uncertainty associated with the returns from an investment that introduces risk in to an investment. Standard Deviation: For the more technically-minded, Standard Deviation is â€Å"the basic statistical measure of the dispersion of a population of data observations around a mean†. In trading language it’s an indication of price fluctuation; it measures how far the closing price is from the average closing price over a set period. The greater the difference between the closing prices and the average price, the higher the standard deviation will be. The closer the closing prices are to the average price, the lowe r the standard deviation . he relative rate at which the price of security moves up and down. Risk is found by calculating the annualized standard deviation or daily changes in the price. Risk = standard deviation of closing price [for n periods] / average closing price [for n periods] [pic] The variance and standard deviation measure the extent of variability of possible returns from the expected return. Several other measures such as a range, semi-variance and mean absolute deviation have been used to indicate measure risk but standard deviation has been the most popularly accepted measure. The standard deviation or variance however provides a measurement of total risk associated with security.Total risk comprises of two components namely systematic risk and unsystematic risk. Variance: The variance of a random variable is a measure of its statistical dispersion, indicating how far from the expected value the variance is the average of squared deviation about the arithmetic mean f or a set of numbers It describes how far values lie from the mean. In particular, the variance is one of the moments of a distribution. [pic] Risk and Beta: As far as an investor is concerned, the systematic risk is no very important as it can be reduced or eliminated through diversification. It is an irrelevant risk. The risk that is relevant in decision making is the systematic risk because it is undiversifiable.Hence the investor seeks to measure the systematic risk of security. Systematic risk is the variability in security returns caused by changes in the economy or the market. All securities are affected by such changes to some extent, but some securities exhibit greater variability in response to market changes. Such securities are said to have higher systematic risk. A higher variability would indicate higher systematic risk and vice versa. The systematic risk of security is measured by a statistical measure called â€Å"Beta† the input data required for the calculati on for beta are the historical data of returns of the individual security as well as the returns of a representative stock market index.For the calculation of beta, the return of individual security is taken as dependent variable, and the return of the market index is taken as the independent variable. Beta is a score that measures a market stock’ volatility or risk against the rest of the market. It is calculating using regression analysis. â€Å"The Beta of an asset, ? , is a measure of the variability of that asset relative to the variability of the market as a whole . Beta is an index of the systematic risk of an asset†. Risk also implies return. Stocks with a high beta should have a higher return than the market. If you are accepting more risk you should accept more reward as beta measures the Risk of a securities return relative to the market the larger the beta, the security is more risky. A beta of 1. indicates a security of average risk a stock with beta great er than 1. 0 has above average risk. Its returns would be more risky than the market returns. A stock with less than 1. 0 would have below average risk. A security can have betas that are positive, negative or zero. It is a historical measure of systematic risk of systematic risk. In using this beta for investment decision making, the investor is assuming that the relationship between the security variability and market variability will continue to remain the same in future also. Investor can find the best use of beta ratio in short term decision making, where price volatility is important. Beta shows sensitivity of Stock market with that of index. If positive than moves with market. And if beta is negative it has inverse relationship. † Correlation: The correlation is one of the most useful statistics. A correlation is single number that describes degree of relationship between two variables. Correlation is a statistical technique that can show weather that how strongly pairs of variables are related. For example height and weight are related taller people tend to be heavier than shorter people. The relationship isn’t perfect. People of the same height vary in weight and you can think of two people. You know where the shorter one is heavier than the other taller one.Correlation can tell you just how much of the variation in people’s weight is elated to their heights. Compute the correlation value, the formula for correlation are: [pic] Covariance: Intuitively, covariance is the measure of how much two variables vary together. That is to say, the covariance becomes more positive for each pair of values which differ from their mean in the same direction, and becomes more negative with each pair of values which differ from their mean in opposite directions. In this way, the more often they differ in the same direction, the more positive the covariance, and the more often they differ in opposite directions, the more negative the covariance.The covariance between two real-valued random variables X and Y, with expected values E(X) = ? and E(Y) = ? is defined as: [pic] [pic] About Reliance Mutual Fund Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) has been established as a trust under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 with Reliance Capital Limited (RCL), as the Settler/Sponsor and Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited (RCTCL), as the Trustee. RMF has been registered with the Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI) vide registration number MF/022/95/1 dated June 30, 1995. The name of Reliance Capital Mutual Fund was changed to Reliance Mutual Fund effective 11th March 2004 vide SEBI's letter no. IMD/PSP/4958/2004 date 11th March 2004.Reliance Mutual Fund was formed to launch various schemes under which units are issued to the Public with a view to contribute to the capital market and to provide investors the opportunities to make investments in diversified securities. The main objectives of the Reliance Mutual Fund are: †¢ To carry on the act ivity of a Mutual Fund as may be permitted at law and formulate and devise various collective Schemes of savings and investments for people in India and abroad and also ensure liquidity of investments for the Unit holders; †¢ To deploy Funds thus raised so as to help the Unit holders earn reasonable returns on their savings and †¢ To take such steps as may be necessary from time to time to realise the effects without any limitation.Our Schemes Equity The aim of growth funds is to provide capital appreciation over the medium to long- term. Such schemes normally invest a major part of their corpus in equities. Such funds have comparatively high risks. These schemes provide different options to the investors like dividend option, capital appreciation, etc. and the investors may choose an option depending on their preferences. The investors must indicate the option in the application form. The mutual funds also allow the investors to change the options at a later date. Growth schemes are good for investors having a long-term outlook seeking appreciation over a period of time. Diversified Large Cap |Diversified Theme Based | |Diversified Multi Cap |Sector | |Diversified Mid Cap & Small Cap |Tax Saver | |Index |Arbitrage | |Banking |Balanced | DebtThe aim of income funds is to provide regular and steady income to investors. Such schemes generally invest in fixed income securities such as bonds, corporate debentures, Government securities and money market instruments. Such funds are less risky compared to equity schemes. These funds are not affected because of fluctuations in equity markets. However, opportunities of capital appreciation are also limited in such funds. The NAVs of such funds are affected because of change in interest rates in the country. If the interest rates fall, NAVs of such funds are likely to increase in the short run and vice versa. However, long term investors may not bother about these fluctuations. Ultra Short Term |Money Market Funds (Liquid Funds) | |Short Term Funds |Long Term Funds | |Monthly Income Plans | | Gold Gold is seen as a symbol of security and a sign of prosperity. Indian consumers consider gold jewellery as an investment and are well aware of gold’s benefits as a store of value. Gold is also recognized as a form of money in India, a tradable liquid asset. It is one of the foundation assets for Indian households and a means to accumulate wealth from a long term perspective. Gold investment has been in the culture of Indian tradition and has been on rise amongst the modern investors as well due to the financial uncertainty and inflationary pressures. Gold Exchange Traded Fund |Gold Savings Fund | [pic]Chapter – 2 research methodology RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Problem Statement: â€Å"Comparison of Reliance Mutual Fund with others. † Scope of Study: The scope of the project is mainly concentrated on the different categories of the mutual funds such as equity schemes, debt fun ds, balanced funds and equity linked savings schemes etc. Research Objectives: Primary Objective: †¢ To know the best scheme of Mutual Fund by different parameters. Secondary Objectives: †¢ Understanding the attitude & behavior of the distributors towards Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF). Understanding the competition for the schemes provided by different Mutual Funds Company. †¢ Finding out ways & means to improve on the services by RMF. †¢ To evaluate investment performance of selected mutual funds in terms of risk and return. †¢ Also to analyze the performance of mutual fund schemes on the basis of various parameters. Importance of The Study: This study provides the good comparison to Reliance Mutual Fund for improving in their services and takes a sound decision regarding it. Reference Period: Reference period is 1st January 2007 to 30th December 2012. Research Design: I have selected Descriptive Research Design. Data Collection: Collect data with the help of distributor (INDIA INFOLINE) and Internet.Sample Size 5 schemes of Reliance Mutual Fund & 5 schemes of Open – Ended Funds. Plan for Data Analysis: By stepwise like: †¢ Checking †¢ Editing †¢ Tabulating through Table, Charts & Graphs. LIMITATION OF STUDY: †¢ Data is collected from secondary sources which may not be as reliable as primary data so sometimes it may be lead wrong prediction about future. †¢ Data giving a prediction of market condition but other factors also affect to it so perfect suggestion may not be predicted. DIRECTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: The study is held for direct Company and research department head. [pic]Chapter: – 3 Data Analysis & Interpretations DATA INTERPRETATIONThe study is based on the weekly scheme returns of Mutual Fund as well as the weekly return of NIFTY INDEX. The series of scheme returns computed from weekly scheme prices of the nifty index for the period of 5 years from 1st Jan 2007 to 31st Dec 2012 and tak e top 5 Open – Ended Schemes to measure risk and return. Risk is measured by standard deviation, beta, etc. Performance of Reliance Banking Fund & Other: [pic] |Funds Name | Beta |Standard Deviation |Correlation |Covariance |Return | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund- |1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 86 |0. 0018 |110. 8% | |Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 77% |3. 9% |0. 93 |0. 0014 |82. 92% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery |1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 86 |0. 0018 |110. 8% | |Fund- Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 77% |3. 9% |0. 93 |0. 0014 |82. 92% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund- |1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 86 |0. 0018 |110. 8% | |Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 77% |3. 9% |0. 93 |0. 0014 |82. 92% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund-|1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 6 |0. 0018 |110. 78% | |Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 77% |3. 9% |0. 93 |0. 0014 |82. 2% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund-|1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 86 |0. 0018 |110. 78% | |Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 7% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund- Growth |1. 03% | |Reliance Banking Fund- Growth |0. 98% | |Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund- Growth |0. 90% | |Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund- Growth |0. 86% | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- Growth |0. 78% | Standard Deviation: Here, are the top 5 schemes that has moderate & low deviation which is somewhat good. Funds Name |Standard Deviation | |Reliance MIP (Monthly Income Plan) Fund- Growth |3. 10% | |Reliance Pharma Fund- Growth |3. 30 % | |Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund- Growth |3. 50% | |SBI Magnum Balanced Fund- Growth |3. 80% | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |3. 90% | Correlation:Here, are the top 5 schemes whose Correlation is High & Highly Moderate. |Funds Name |Correlation | |SBI Magnum Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 95 | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 93 | |Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund- Growth |0. 92 | |Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund- Growth |0. 91 | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund- Growth |0. 6 | Covariance: Here, are top 5 schemes who has moderate to low variation compared to others. |Funds Name |Covariance | |Reliance MIP (Monthly Income Plan) Fund- Growth |0. 0004 | |Reliance Pharma Fund- Growth |0. 0008 | |Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund- Growth |0. 0011 | |ICICI Prudential FMCG Fund- Growth |0. 012 | |SBI Magnum Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 0013 | [pic] Chapter: – 5 Conclusions Conclusion Every investor wants to maximize his returns at the lowest possible risk or he tries to minim ize his risk keeping his returns equivalent, both gives him higher profits. In evaluating mutual funds, investors usually consider only the past returns generated by the fund without considering the risk associated with it. From the project, I conclude that, After analysis of all the schemes of reliance mutual fund & open – ended funds, there are 5 schemes that as high risk involved but there is also high return accumulated with it. These schemes are Reliance Banking Fund,Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund, Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund, ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund & UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund. Theory says that risk and return go hand in hand. And we can see that in these 5 schemes. Considering all the factors, the best scheme is Reliance Pharma Fund & Reliance MIP (Monthly Income Plan) Fund compare to all other schemes. [pic] CHAPTER – Recommendation †¢ After analyze the Risk and Return of all the schemes of Reliance Mutual Fund & Open – En ded Funds, I recommend that the Reliance Pharma Fund & Reliance MIP (Monthly Income Plan) Fund for the low risk takers and Reliance Banking Fund & ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund for the high risk takers.These schemes gives the highest return but there is also high risk compare to other schemes included in Reliance Mutual Fund & Open – Ended Funds. Those people invest in this schemes who believes that â€Å"High Risk, High Gain†. †¢ I also recommend that the SBI Magnum Balanced Fund and TATA Balanced Fund schemes are providing less return & having high risk so; there is highest risk to invest in these two schemes. [pic] Chapter: – 7 Bibliography ? www. mutualfundsindia. com/rankfund. rpt. asp ? http://www. personalfn. com/tools-and-resources/mutual-funds/nav-history. aspx ? http://www. indiainfoline. com/Aboutus/ ? http://www. reliancemutual. com/NAV/NAVDownload. aspx [pic] ———————– DECLARATION ACKNOWL EDGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS

What the Audience Learns about the Characters of Macbeth...

What the Audience Learns about the Characters of Macbeth and Banquo Macbeth is a play written by Shakespeare in 1606. The play itself is a twisting tragedy, showing that even the strongest of people can be influenced in the wrong way. The play portrays the collapse of Macbeth: a trusted, brave, loyal servant of Scotland, but under the influence of evil he slowly turns into a malicious murderer. Throughout the beginning of the play you have been introduced to the characters of: the evil and scheming witches, who are plotting to give Macbeth two predictions: that he is going to be the Thane of Cawdor and King. Since Macbeth is an ambitious person he will peruse these dreams and predictions. Also†¦show more content†¦This is because; he wants his own glory, if they can see his future he wants to benefit from their predictions to; unlike Macbeth he doesn’t entirely trust the witches and thinks they are treacherous and very deceitful. Soon after in the play, the witches begin to brainwash him with their predictions so much that he almost begs for them to stay and envisage more. I can prove this with this quote: â€Å"Stay you imperfect speakers. Tell me more. Speak I charge you.† Macbeth is a very commanding person but he has weaknesses: Glory and ambition, even though not necessarily a bad trait, but the witches have started brainwash him to use it for bad purposes to get what he wants and cause chaos. Unlike Macbeth, Banquo is mentally stronger and yet again doesn’t wholly trust the witches, nether does he plead them to stay, however he wouldn’t mind hearing his future. I can support by point with this quote: I neither beg nor fear your favours or your hates.† Banquo isn’t afraid of the witches and their supernatural-powers, however he to wants to know his future like Macbeth. After the witches have left; Macbeth is still dazed at the predictions about the Kingship but also he doesn’t want to show his true feelings about all of the predictions; so he discreetly brings up the subject to Banquo. â€Å"Your children shall be Kings.† Already Macbeth feelsShow MoreRelatedMacbeth Study Guide1002 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth Study Guide Macbeth Study Guide Act 1 1. What reason can you think of as why Macbeth is first introduced to us through the witches? E.g.To tell us, that Macbeth was a good guy before he’s darkest wish has been prophesied or for tolled. We learn how Macbeth deals with the prophecy towards the witches have told him 2. Explain what you think is meant by the paradoxical: Fair is foul, foul is fair. E.g. Good is bad, bad is good towards the witches? Macbeth is a fair man who appearsRead MoreThe Human Mind And Act Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth1324 Words   |  6 Pagesmanipulation? 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